Chapter 34: Vertebrates

Question 1

Chordates

Answer 1

• composed of invertebrates, vertebrate group

Question 2

Derived Characters

Answer 2

• 1. Notochord
• 2. Dorsal, hollow nerve chord
• 3. Pharyngeal slits
• 4. Post anal tail

Question 3

Chordate Characteristics

Answer 3

Question 4

Lancelets

Answer 4

• Belong to Subphylum Cephalochordata
• Basal chordates
• Lance shaped body
• Suspension feeders

Question 5

Tunicates

Answer 5

• Belong to Subphylum Urochordata
• Also called “sea squirts”
• Suspension feeders
• Lose many chordate characters as adults

Question 6

​Vertebrates

Answer 6

• are chordates with a backbone
• All members also known as craniates

Question 7

Cyclostomes

Answer 7

• are a clade of living, jawless vertebrates
• Called the “round mouths”
• Include
  
  • 1. Hagfish
  • 2. Lampreys

Question 8

Hagfish

Answer 8

• Bottom dwelling, scavengers
• Can produce slime, used for defense

Question 9

Lampreys

Answer 9

• are filter feeders as larva
• Become parasites as adults

Question 10

Gnathostomes

Answer 10

• are a clade of jawed vertebrates

Question 11

Chondricthyes

Answer 11

• a clade of cartilaginous fish
• Have an endoskeleton made of cartilage
• Include
  
  • 1. Sharks
  • 2. Rays
  • 3. Ratfishes

Question 12

Osteichthyes

Answer 12

• a clade of “bony fish”… misleading
• Have an ossified endoskeleton
• Include
  
  • 1. Ray finned fish
  • 2. Lobe fins

Question 13

Ray Finned Fish

Answer 13

• Show the greatest vertebrate diversity
• Have fins made of bony rays

Question 14

Lobe-Fins

Answer 14

• Fins made of rod shaped bones
• Bones surrounded by thick muscles
• Three lineages
  
  • 1. Coelacanths
  • 2. Lungfishes
  • 3. Tetrapods

Question 15

Tetrapods

Answer 15

• are gnathastomes that have limbs with digits
• Include groups
  
  • 1. Amphibians
  • 2. Amniotes

Question 16

Tiktaalik fossil

Answer 16

Question 17

Amphibians

Answer 17

• “both ways of life”
• Poorly developed lungs, cutaneous respiration
• Three major groups
  
  • 1. Salamanders - tails
  • 2. Frogs - lack tails
  • 3. Caecilians - legless

Question 18

Amniotes

Answer 18

• have a terrestrially adapted egg
• Living members
  
  • 1. Reptiles
  • 2. Mammals

Question 19

Derived traits of Amniotes

Answer 19

• Major character is the amniotic egg
• Others include
  
  • 2. Egg shell
  • 3. Rib cage - increases lung ventilation

Question 20

Reptiles

Answer 20

• a clade that includes the tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds and dinosaurs
• Have scales, create waterproof barrier
• Shelled eggs, laid on land
• Mostly ectothermic, absorbing external heat

Question 21

Origins of Bird

Answer 21

• Descended from bipedal, theropod dinosaurs
• Feathers evolved long before flight
• Early functions
  
  • 1. insulation
  • 2. camouflage
  • 3. courtship
• Archaeopteryx
  
  • ​​considered an early bird

Question 22

Mammals

Answer 22

• are amniotes that produce milk; have hair
• Three groups
  
  • 1. Monotremes
  • 2. Marsupials
  • 3. Eutherians (Placental)

Question 23

Monotremes

Answer 23

• are egg laying mammals
• Lack nipples
• Include:
  
  • 1. Platypus
  • 2. Echidna

Question 24

Marsupials

Answer 24

• have live births; nipples
• Embryo connected to mother by placenta
• Born early, complete development while nursing in pouch called marsupium
• Members include opossum, kangaroo, koala

Question 25

Eutherians

Answer 25

• Commonly called placental mammals
• Live birth, nipples
• Have complex placenta
• Young complete development in uterus