Chapter 4 Vocab Flashcards
First order realities
Physically observable qualities of a thing or situation (your neighbor speaks with an accent)
Second order realities
Our attaching meaning to first order things or situations. (The accent makes her sound exotic)
Selection
Determining which data we will attend to. The following factors cause us to notice some messages while ignoring others.
Intensity: louder larger brighter stand out
Repetition
Contrast or change
Organization
Arranging it in some meaningful way to make sense of the world. Using perceptual schema helps classify others. Such as: physical, role based, interaction based, or psychological.
Punctuation
Determination of causes and effects in a series of interactions
Interpretation
Attaching meaning to sense data.
Factors are: relational satisfaction, expectation, personal experience, personality, assumptions about human behavior.
Negotiation
Process where communicators influence each others perceptions
Narratives
Stories we use to describe our personal worlds
Standpoint theory
How a person’s position in a society shapes their view of society and of specific individuals
Gender
Social and psychological dimensions of masculine and feminine behavior
Androgynous
Equal masculine and feminine characteristics
Attribution
Process of attaching meaning to behavior
Stereotyping
Exaggerated beliefs associated with a categorizing system
Implicit bias
Stereotyping frequently effortlessly and often unconsciously
Decategorize
Treat people as individuals instead of describing them by their race or sexual orientation
Primary effect
Our tendency to pay more attention to things that happen first in a sequence
Halo effect
Tendency to form an overall positive impression based on one characteristic
Horns effect
Negative perceptions based on a negative impression
Confirmation bias
Tend to seek out and organize our impressions to support that opinion
Fundamental attribution error
Give more weight to personal qualities than to the situation when making attributions
Self serving bias
When we perform poorly we blame external forces and when we perform well we credit ourselves rather than the situation
Perception checking
- Description of the behavior noticed
- 2 possible interpretations of the behavior
- Request for clarification about how to interpret the behavior
Empathy
Ability to recreate a person’s perspective to experience the world from their pov
Perspective taking
Ability to take on the viewpoint of another person
Emotional contagion
Experience the same feelings that others have
Physiological influences
Come from environment and the ways our bodies differ. Senses, age, health and fatigue, biological cycles, hunger, neurobehavioral challenges
Psychological influences
Mood our emotional state, self concept
