Chapter 4 Vocab

Question 1

First order realities

Answer 1

Physically observable qualities of a thing or situation (your neighbor speaks with an accent)

Question 2

Second order realities

Answer 2

Our attaching meaning to first order things or situations. (The accent makes her sound exotic)

Question 3

Selection

Answer 3

Determining which data we will attend to. The following factors cause us to notice some messages while ignoring others.
Intensity: louder larger brighter stand out
Repetition
Contrast or change

Question 4

Organization

Answer 4

Arranging it in some meaningful way to make sense of the world. Using perceptual schema helps classify others. Such as: physical, role based, interaction based, or psychological.

Question 5

Punctuation

Answer 5

Determination of causes and effects in a series of interactions

Question 6

Interpretation

Answer 6

Attaching meaning to sense data.
Factors are: relational satisfaction, expectation, personal experience, personality, assumptions about human behavior.

Question 7

Negotiation

Answer 7

Process where communicators influence each others perceptions

Question 8

Narratives

Answer 8

Stories we use to describe our personal worlds

Question 9

Standpoint theory

Answer 9

How a person’s position in a society shapes their view of society and of specific individuals

Question 10

Gender

Answer 10

Social and psychological dimensions of masculine and feminine behavior

Question 11

Androgynous

Answer 11

Equal masculine and feminine characteristics

Question 12

Attribution

Answer 12

Process of attaching meaning to behavior

Question 13

Stereotyping

Answer 13

Exaggerated beliefs associated with a categorizing system

Question 14

Implicit bias

Answer 14

Stereotyping frequently effortlessly and often unconsciously

Question 15

Decategorize

Answer 15

Treat people as individuals instead of describing them by their race or sexual orientation

Question 16

Primary effect

Answer 16

Our tendency to pay more attention to things that happen first in a sequence

Question 17

Halo effect

Answer 17

Tendency to form an overall positive impression based on one characteristic

Question 18

Horns effect

Answer 18

Negative perceptions based on a negative impression

Question 19

Confirmation bias

Answer 19

Tend to seek out and organize our impressions to support that opinion

Question 20

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 20

Give more weight to personal qualities than to the situation when making attributions

Question 21

Self serving bias

Answer 21

When we perform poorly we blame external forces and when we perform well we credit ourselves rather than the situation

Question 22

Perception checking

Answer 22

1. Description of the behavior noticed
2. 2 possible interpretations of the behavior
3. Request for clarification about how to interpret the behavior

Question 23

Empathy

Answer 23

Ability to recreate a person’s perspective to experience the world from their pov

Question 24

Perspective taking

Answer 24

Ability to take on the viewpoint of another person

Question 25

Emotional contagion

Answer 25

Experience the same feelings that others have

Question 26

Physiological influences

Answer 26

Come from environment and the ways our bodies differ. Senses, age, health and fatigue, biological cycles, hunger, neurobehavioral challenges

Question 27

Psychological influences

Answer 27

Mood our emotional state, self concept