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A&P 1 - Chap 1 - 4 (1st test) > Chapter 4 - Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Histology

A

study of tissues

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2
Q

4 types of Tissues:

A
  1. Epithelial - lining, covering, glands
  2. Connective - support (ie. bone, cartilage)
  3. Nervous - control
  4. Muscle - movement
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3
Q

Cell Junctions

A

membrane connections between neighboring cells; not all tissues have cell junctions but epithelial has a lot

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4
Q

3 Types of Cell Junctions:

A
  1. Tight junctions - prevents materials from crossing cell layers; important in epithelial tissues (ex. lining of stomach)
  2. Desmosomes - anchoring junctions; ex. skin cells (outer layer of skin), hair cells
  3. Gap junctions - communication junctions; ex. heart-cardiac muscle–cells in heart receive signals @ same time & muscles must contract at same time
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5
Q

Membrane Specialization; Microvilli

A

highly folded plasma membrane; increases surface area for absorption; ex. small intestines (absorption occurs rapidly)

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6
Q

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue–most exposed tissue in body

A
  • closely packed cells
  • specialized contacts - tight junctions & desmosomes most common
  • polarity-has top (apical) & bottom layer (basal)
  • supported by connective tissue - always next to it
  • avascular - no direct blood supply
  • innervated - has nerves
  • highly regenerative - replaces cells rapidly
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7
Q

Apical Surface

A

surface exposed; not attached; top

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8
Q

Basal surface

A

attached to underlying tissue; connective tissue is ALWAYS next to epithelial tissue

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9
Q

Avascular

A

no blood vessels; connective tissue is usually vascular–blood vessels in it that supplies epithelial

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10
Q

Glandular Epithelial Tissue

A

gland - one or more cells that secrete a particular product (usually by exocytosis); product released - secretion (water-based fluid that usually contains protein)

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11
Q

3 Ways to Describe Gland:

A
  1. # of cells
  2. What it secretes
  3. How it secretes
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12
Q

of Cells (Glands):

A

a. unicellular - 1 cell; ex. goblet cell–secretes mucous

b. multicellular - many cells; all glands are multicellular except one (goblet cell)

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13
Q

What it Secretes (glands):

A

a. Endocrine gland-secretes hormones; always secretes into interstitial fluid; ductless gland; blood system transports hormone around; ex. thyroid gland
b. Exocrine glands-secretes a non-hormone product; secretes into a tube; usually have ducts; secrete into a specific part of the body; ex. sweat glands

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14
Q

How It Secretes:

A

a. Merocrine - secretes by exocytosis; most common type of secretion; cell not harmed at all
b. Apocrine - pinches off the apical portion; only 1 example–fat secretion in mammary glands; loses a portion of itself
c. Holocrine - releases contents by cell rupture; cell self-destructs; ex. subaceous glands; releases oil & cell fragments

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15
Q

Sebum

A

combo of oil & cell fragments

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16
Q

Characteristics of Connective Tissue (CT)

A

most diverse & most abundant tissue;

  • common origin - come from one type of CT–mesenchyme (embryonic CT)
  • vary in vascularization
  • composed mainly of extracellular matrix
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17
Q

Vascularization of CT

A
  • cartilage - avascular
  • dense CT - poorly vascularized
  • loose CT, bone, blood - richly vascularized
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18
Q

Extracellular

A

outside of cell; non-living material; support tissue of body; has to hold up body; needs cells strong enough to hold up body; fibers & ground substance

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19
Q

Components of CT

A
  1. Fibers
  2. Ground substance
  3. Cells
20
Q

Types of Fibers (CT)

A

extracellular; fibrous proteins;

a. Collagen - most abundant protein found in body; tough; built like a rope
b. Elastic - stretchy
c. Reticular - thin for lighter support; thin collagen

21
Q

Types of Ground Substance (CT):

A

fills in spaces between fibers & cells;
a. fluid - mostly water
b adhesion proteins
c. proteoglycans - part protein & part carb; function–negatively charged (carb groups); attract water (hold the water)

22
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

bulk of connective tissue

23
Q

Types of Cells (CT):

A

living units are what makes the fibers & ground substance

  • loose & dense CT
  • cartilage
  • bone tissue
  • blood
24
Q

Loose & Dense CT (Cells)

A

CT proper;
FIBROBLASTS - immature young cells that are productive; responsible for making materials unique to loose dense CT;
FIBROCYTES - older cells; no longer able to make fibers

25
Q

Cartilage (Cells)

A

CHONDROBLASTS - young cells in cartilage that make material unique to cartilage;
CHONDROCYTES - older version of chondroblasts; no longer productive but help maintain tissue

26
Q

Bone Tissue (Cells)

A

OSTEOBLASTS - makes fibers unique to bone tissue & ground substance
OSTEOCYTES - older version

27
Q

Blood (Cells)

A

HEMATOPOIETIC stem cell - eternally young cells; they don’t get old; (RBC, WBC, platelets–all produced by stem cells)

28
Q

Blast cells

A

get old & no longer productive; stop making material

29
Q

Diff between loose & dense

A

how many fibers; since loose has very few fibers, it has a lot of room for blood vessels

30
Q

Cartilage

A

avascular CT (only type of CT that is avascular); 70% water (more water than any other type of CT); since 70% water, can bear a lot of weight-comprehensible & flexible; 3 types–hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic cartllage

31
Q

Bone Tissue

A

richly vascularized; very strong–lots of collagen; osteoblasts - make bone tissue

32
Q

Blood Tissue

A

has all components of CT; cells-RBC,WBC, platelets come from hematopoietic that comes from bone; ground substance - plasma; fibers - clotting proteins (dissolved in plasma when no injury; when injury, clotting proteins coagulate & show up as fibers

33
Q

3 Types of Membranes

A
  1. Cutaneous membrane
  2. Mucous membrane
  3. Serous membrane
34
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

outer covering of body; dry membrane; skin

35
Q

2 Types of Cutaneous membrane

A

a. Stratified squamous epithelial - epidermis

b. areolar & dense irregular CT - dermis

36
Q

Mucous membrane

A

lines body cavities that open to outside (ex. respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive); wet membrane; most germs come through here bc opening moist & warm

37
Q

2 Types of Mucous membrane

A

a. epithelial - depends on which body cavity it lines

b. lamina propria - areolar CT associated w/mucous membranes

38
Q

Serous membrane

A

lines closed body cavities & covers visceral organs; wet membrane

39
Q

2 Types of Serous membranes

A

a. Simple squamous epithelial

b. areolar CT

40
Q

Areolar CT

A

Loose CT; connective tissue proper; richly vascularized; location: most widely distributed tissue; found almost everywhere in body; next to epithelial tissues

41
Q

Loose CT

A

very few fibers

42
Q

Dense CT

A

densely packed w/fibers

43
Q

Adipose CT

A

Loose CT; connective tissue proper; richly vascularized; predominant cell type: fat cell; location: under skin (hypodermis); function: nutrient storage, insulation

44
Q

Reticular CT

A

Loose CT; connective tissue proper; richly vascularized; reticular fibers; location: lymphatic tissue

45
Q

Dense regular CT

A

Dense CT; connective tissue proper; poorly vascularized; fibers: collagen arranged in parallel; location: tendons (how bones attach to muscles), ligaments (binding material; attach bone to bone)

46
Q

Dense irregular CT

A

Dense CT; connective tissue proper; poorly vascularized; fibers: collagen arranged in different directions; location: dermis of the skin

47
Q

Elastic CT

A

Dense CT; connective tissue proper; poorly vascularized; fibers: elastic fibers; location: lung tissue, elastic arteries (aeorta); function: stretch & recoil

A&P 1 - Chap 1 - 4 (1st test) (7 decks)

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