Chapter 3 - The Cell Flashcards
3 Major Parts of a Cell
- Plasma membrane - separates inside of cell from outside of cell
- Cytoplasm - everything between the plasma membrane & the nucleus
- Nucleus - control center; contains the cell’s DNA
3 Functions of Plasma Membrane
- Cell barrier - movement in & out of cell: movement determined by the cell
- Selectively Permeable - some things are allowed through
- Cellular Communication
Structure of Plasma Membrane
Fluid Mosaic Model–model to describe plasma membrane
fluid - refers to liquid & moves around;
mosaic - refers to proteins which give structure & function to plasma membrane; so many shapes & functions; diversity
Fluid Mosaic Model Structure contains:
3 Lipids:
- Phospholipids bilayer - make up bulk of membrane
- Cholesterol
- Glycolipids - part lipid part carb; carb attached to lipid
3 Proteins:
- Periphereal proteins - loosely attached; on side
- Integral proteins - imbedded or inside
- Glycoproteins - carbs attached to proteins (stick outside of cell)
“Glyco” part of glycolipids & glycoproteins
Glycocalyx - carbs on outer surface of plasma membrane;
Function: cellular recognition
Transport Processes - how things cross the plasma membrane (lipid barrier); selectively permeable
- Passive Processes - does not require chemical energy; moves from high to low concentration
- Active Processes - needs ATP (requires chemical energy)
3 Types of Passive Processes - driving force is concentration gradient
1. Simple Diffusion - very few things can cross bc lipids (nonpolar); must be nonpolar & small; ex. O2 & CO2
- Facilitated Diffusion - polar molecules (ions-charged particles) cannot cross by simple diffusion but may cross by facilitated diff w/help of a protein; Needed for facilitated diff - protein channel - places where ions can cross & protein carriers - amino acids, glucose; needs a helping protein to cross;
- Osmosis - diffustion of water across a selectively permeable membrane; 3 kinds of solutions: Isotonic, Hypotonic solution & Hypertonic solution
Diffusion
passive process; depends on concentration gradience; things move from high to low concentration
3 Different Kinds of Solutions for Osmosis:
- Isotonic - same solute concentration; mixture is matched to cell; H2O concentration is same inside cell & outside cell; no net movement of water: osmosis does not occur; cell maintains its shape
- Hypotonic solution - lower solute concentration; solution w/very few solutes (like distilled water); very few salts; lower H2O in cell & highest water in solution; H2O moves into cell & cell swells up & could burst (lyse)
- Hypertonic solution - higher solute concentration; put into very salty solution; less H2O surrounding cell & higher amount in cell; H2O goes out of cell & cell shrinks
Water follows
salts; wherever there is more salts , water will be sucked into it
Active Processes;
we want things to move from low concentration to high concentration; usually low to high concentration–which is not favorable
3 Types of Active Processes:
- Primary Active Transport
- Secondary Active Transport
- Vesicular Transport–a. exocytosis & b. endocytosis –1. phagocytosis, 2. pinocytosis, 3. receptor-mediated endocytosis
Primary Active Transport (Active Process) - uses ATP; from low - high
ex. Na+ K+ pump -moves 2 substances in diff directions from low to high; found in every single cell in body; protein
Na+ - pumped OUT of cell (from low -high);
K+ - pumped INTO cell (from low -high);
very little Na+ in cells & very little K+ outside cells & lots of salt outside cells;
ATP - ase - enzyme that hydrolizes ATP
Secondary Active Transport (Active Process)
only works when primary is working; uses concentration gradient that was already established; Na+ tends to want to go back in cell bc it goes from high - low; will go in through Secondary Active transport & will pump out Ca2+ or can move Na+ into cell & H+ out; can move glucose or amino acids in as Na+ moves in; indirectly uses ATP; links movement of one ion w/movement of 2nd particle by concentration gradient that has already been established; relies on concentration gradient; does not directly use ATP but does not work unless Primary Active Transport setup concentration gradient
Vesicular Transport (Active Process)
refers to vesicles; how we bring fairly bulky materials across membrane w/assistance of vesicles; uses vesicles (membrane sacs); uses ATP
- exocytosis - uses vesicles to transport substances out of cell; the way proteins, hormones leave the cell
- endocytosis - uses vesicles to transport substances into cell
3 different mechanisms of endocytosis- phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis
3 Different Mechanisms of Endocytosis (part of Vesicular Transport)
1. Phagocytosis - “cellular eating”; how our body is defended; engulfing of large particles or cells & break it down
- Pinocytosis - “cellular drinking”; taking in fluid that surrounds cell
- Receptor Mediated Endocytosis - specific; targets one type of molecule; has receptors; brings a specific molecule into cell using vesicles
Cytoplasm
consists of cytosol, organelles & sometimes inclusion
Cytosol
colloid (heterogeneous); salts, proteins, amino acids
Organelles
subcellular structures that have specific functions in the cell
Inclusions
stored nutrients (not dissolved; not part of cytosol); not in all cells; found in very few cells
ex. lipid droplets–largest cell in body–lipids (fat cell)
ex. glycogen granules - found in liver & muscle cells
Nucleus
control center, holds the cell’s DNA; largest of all organic compounds
nuclear envelope
double membrane that surrounds the nucleus
Nuclear pores
openings in the nuclear envelope; protein channels; big pores
Nucleolus
assembles the ribosomes (made of protein & ribosomal RNA)
Chromatin
combination of DNA & histone proteins; chemicals of which chromosones are made of;
histone proteins - packing proteins that help organize the DNA
Chromosomes
structures made of chromatin (x-shaped)
Genes
segments of DNA that hold info for one characteristic (trait); each chromosome has a bunch of genes associated w/it
Centrosomes
region centrioles ar located in;
Function: microtubule- organizing center
Flagella
longer than cillia; allows cell to swim (ex. sperm cell)
Cillia
moves substances outside cells; cillia pushes mucous out of respiratory tract
Cytoskeleton
made of fibrous proteins; maintains cell shape
a. microfilaments- protein actin; muscle contraction
b. intermediate filaments - protein keratin; in hair, nails & epidermis (outer layer of skin)
c. microtubules - protein tubulin; anchors organelles; move things in cells
Peroxisomes
membrane sac; contains oxidases + catalases; neutralizes free radicals
free radicals - highly reactive molecules–unpaired electrons; disrupts structures in cells; happens bc of metabolism
The Cell Cycle
cycle of the cell as it grows & then divides;
- Interphase
- Mitotic Phase
Interphase (Sub phases of The Cell Cycle)
- G1 - growth
- S - growth; DNA synthesis phase: DNA replicated
- G2 - growth; makes final preparations for cell division
Mitotic Phase (The Cell Cycle) - divides into 2 identical cells
- Mitosis - division of the nucleus
4 subphases: (PMAT):
a. Prophase
b. Metaphase
c. Anaphase
d. Telophase
2. Cytokinesis - division of the cytoplasm
How Nucleus Controls Cells (Transfer of Genetic Info)
- Replication - makes DNA (DNA synthesis); identical copy of DNA is made; takes place during S phase of Interphase; only happens one time in cell cycle: takes place in nucleus; copies ALL genetic info
- Transcription - makes messenger RNA (RNA synthesis); transfer of genetic info from DNA to mRNA; takes place in nucleus
- Translation - makes protein (Protein synthesis); info from mRNA is used to make a protein; takes place in cytoplasm (ribosome); takes place outside of nucleus
mRNA
messenger RNA; DNA transfers some info to RNA; info is used to tell ribosome what kind of protein is to be built; DNA never leaves nucleus; replication takes place in nucleus
