Chapter 1 - Intro to Human Body Flashcards
Anatomy
Study of the STRUCTURES of living things (what things look like & where they are located)
Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy
Study of structures large enough to be seen w/your eyes.
Microscopic Anatomy
Need a microscope or magnifying device to study structures.
Developmental Anatomy
Studying CHANGES of structures in anatomy (i.e. puberty)
Physiology
Study of the FUNCTIONS of living things (how things work)
Principles of A&P
- Structure determines function–every specific structure in the body has a function.
- Levels of structural organization - 6 levels
- Homeostasis
Levels of structural organization
- Chemical level - atoms & molecules
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ System
- Organism
Atoms
Simplest, smallest particles of matter (matter–anything that takes up space); not living
Molecules
Made of 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds; not living
Cells
ARE living; structural unit of all LIVING things; smallest living structure
Tissues
Groups of similar cells having a common function (4 kinds of tissues)
Organs
Structure made of 2 or more tissue types having a specific function.
Organ System
Several organs working together to accomplish a common purpose
Organism
Individual living thing
Homeostasis
Ability to maintain stable internal conditions (i.e. body temp; blood pressure)
Maintaining homeostasis
- Negative feedback mechanism
2. Positive feedback mechanism
Negative Feedback Mechanism
opposite or reverse; output (response to imbalance) reverses the direction of the stimulus (imbalance)
Positive Feedback Mechanism
output (response to the imbalance) enhances the stimulus (imbalance)
Negative feedback examples
high body temp - sweat;
low body temp - shiver;
glucose, blood pressure, heart rate
Positive feedback examples
Blood clotting; labor contractions
11 Organ Systems
- Nervous
- Urinary
- Respiratory
- Skeletal
- Endocrine
- Digestive
- Reproductive
- Cardiovascular
- Lymphatic
- Integumentary
- Muscular
Nervous system
Function: fast-acting control system; uses electrical impulses
Contains: brain, spinal cord, nerves
Reproductive system
Function: male & female system work together to produce offspring
Contains: gonads (testes & ovaries); females–uterus, vagina, uterine tubes & mammary glands; males–epididymides, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostrate & penis
Skeletal system
Function: 1. framework for body; supports & protects body
2. where all our blood cells are formed–made in bones
3. stores calcium
Contains: bones & joints
Respiratory system
Function: gas exchange–Oxygen comes in & carbon dioxide exits body
Contains: lungs & tubes that connect it
Integumentary system
Function: covers & protects outside of body & makes vitamin D
Contains: skin, hair, nails
Muscular system
Function: 1. to move body
2. generates heat (by contracting)
Contains: consists of skeletal muscles (muscles attached to bones)
Endocrine system
Function: control system but not as fast-acting (as nervous system); uses chemicals called hormones that regulate things
Contains: series of glands that regulate growth
Cardiovascular system
Function: to carry blood; our food supply & sewer; so that our whole body receives oxygen & nutrients
Contains: heart & blood vessels
Lymphatic system
Function: 1. immunity–body-defense
2. fluid retrieval - fluids accumulate in body tissue & this system sucks it in & returns back to cardiovascular system
Contains: one-way tube system; carry lymph (clear whitish fluid)
Digestive system
Function: breaks down food & gets rid of solid waste
Contains: stomach, small & large intestines, anus, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, mouth pharynx, esophagus
Urinary system
Function: produces urine; kidneys filter blood & removes waste material from body; get rid of nitrogeneous waste
Contains: kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra & ureters
Anatomical position
standard position; body is standing up, facing me, arms down & palms facing me, thumbs pointed away from the body
Superior
Closer to head; i.e. the heart is superior to the liver
Inferior
Closer to lower parts of the body
Anterior/Ventral
closer to front of body
Posterior/Dorsal
closer to back of body
Medial
If structure is closer to midline
Lateral
structure further away from midline (i.e. arms lateral to chest)
Midline
Imaginary line that cuts body
Intermediate
between 2 other structures
Ipsilateral
2 structures on same side of body
Contralateral
2 structures on opposite sides of body (i.e. ascending & descending colon)
Superficial/External
structure closer to surface of body
Deep/Internal
structure closer to inside of body
Proximal
structure closer to attachment point on that limb (i.e. shoulder or hip)
Distal
structure further away from attachment point
Body Planes
flat surfaces (vertical or horizontal) to view
Sagittal
vertical plane dividing body into left & right parts
Midsagittal
vertical plane dividing body into equal left & right parts
Parasagittal
vertical plane dividing body into unequal left & right parts
Frontal
vertical plane dividing body into (front & back) anterior (ventral) & posterior (dorsal) parts
Transverse
horizontal plane dividing body into superior & inferior parts
Closed Body Cavities
spaces in body that have no openings to the outside
Dorsal Body cavity
closer to back of body; holds brain & spinal cord; continuous–no structure that divides cranial from vertebral cavity
What cavities does the Dorsal Body cavity contain?
- Cranial cavity - holds the brain
2. Vertebral cavity - holds the spinal cord
Ventral Body Cavity
Closer to front of body; holds all the visceral organs (all digestive organs, some urinary & some reproductive organs, lungs & heart); larger than dorsal & NOT a continuos body cavity–diaphragm divides it;
What cavities does the Ventral Body cavity contain?
- Thoracic cavity: upper part (superior)
2. Abdominopelvic cavity: lower part (inferior)
Thoracic cavity
superior to diaphragm; 1. Pleural cavities - holds lungs; lateral to midline; 2. Mediastinum - part of thoracic cavity; medial to pleural cavities; pericardial cavity - only holds heart; inferior part to mediastinum
Abdominopelvic cavity
- Abdominal cavity - holds most of digestive organs (stomach, small intestines, liver, gall bladder, large intestine)
- Pelvic cavity - some urinary organs (urinary bladder) & some reproductive organs
Serous Membranes
double membranes lining closed body cavities;
- outer layer - parietal layer
- inner layer - visceral layer
Pericardium
serous membrane lining the pericardial cavity
Parietal pericardium
attaches to body wall (lines chest wall)
Visceral pericardium
covers the hearts
Serous fluid
oily fluid that allows for friction free movement allowing the viscera to slide somewhat; & so the membranes do not get damaged
Pleura
serous membrane lining the pleural cavities
Parietal pleura
serous membrane attaches to body wall (chest wall - lungs)
Visceral pleura
s.m. covers lungs
Peritoneum
serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity
Parietal peritoneum
attaches to body wall (abdominal wall)
Visceral peritoneum
s.m. covers digestive organs
