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A&P 1 - Chap 1 - 4 (1st test) > Chapter 1 - Intro to Human Body > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Intro to Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of the STRUCTURES of living things (what things look like & where they are located)

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2
Q

Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy

A

Study of structures large enough to be seen w/your eyes.

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3
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

Need a microscope or magnifying device to study structures.

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4
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A

Studying CHANGES of structures in anatomy (i.e. puberty)

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5
Q

Physiology

A

Study of the FUNCTIONS of living things (how things work)

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6
Q

Principles of A&P

A
  1. Structure determines function–every specific structure in the body has a function.
  2. Levels of structural organization - 6 levels
  3. Homeostasis
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7
Q

Levels of structural organization

A
  1. Chemical level - atoms & molecules
  2. Cells
  3. Tissues
  4. Organs
  5. Organ System
  6. Organism
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8
Q

Atoms

A

Simplest, smallest particles of matter (matter–anything that takes up space); not living

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9
Q

Molecules

A

Made of 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds; not living

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10
Q

Cells

A

ARE living; structural unit of all LIVING things; smallest living structure

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11
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of similar cells having a common function (4 kinds of tissues)

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12
Q

Organs

A

Structure made of 2 or more tissue types having a specific function.

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13
Q

Organ System

A

Several organs working together to accomplish a common purpose

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14
Q

Organism

A

Individual living thing

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15
Q

Homeostasis

A

Ability to maintain stable internal conditions (i.e. body temp; blood pressure)

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16
Q

Maintaining homeostasis

A
  1. Negative feedback mechanism

2. Positive feedback mechanism

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17
Q

Negative Feedback Mechanism

A

opposite or reverse; output (response to imbalance) reverses the direction of the stimulus (imbalance)

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18
Q

Positive Feedback Mechanism

A

output (response to the imbalance) enhances the stimulus (imbalance)

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19
Q

Negative feedback examples

A

high body temp - sweat;
low body temp - shiver;
glucose, blood pressure, heart rate

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20
Q

Positive feedback examples

A

Blood clotting; labor contractions

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21
Q

11 Organ Systems

A
  1. Nervous
  2. Urinary
  3. Respiratory
  4. Skeletal
  5. Endocrine
  6. Digestive
  7. Reproductive
  8. Cardiovascular
  9. Lymphatic
  10. Integumentary
  11. Muscular
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22
Q

Nervous system

A

Function: fast-acting control system; uses electrical impulses
Contains: brain, spinal cord, nerves

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23
Q

Reproductive system

A

Function: male & female system work together to produce offspring
Contains: gonads (testes & ovaries); females–uterus, vagina, uterine tubes & mammary glands; males–epididymides, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostrate & penis

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24
Q

Skeletal system

A

Function: 1. framework for body; supports & protects body
2. where all our blood cells are formed–made in bones
3. stores calcium
Contains: bones & joints

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25
Q

Respiratory system

A

Function: gas exchange–Oxygen comes in & carbon dioxide exits body
Contains: lungs & tubes that connect it

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26
Q

Integumentary system

A

Function: covers & protects outside of body & makes vitamin D
Contains: skin, hair, nails

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27
Q

Muscular system

A

Function: 1. to move body
2. generates heat (by contracting)
Contains: consists of skeletal muscles (muscles attached to bones)

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28
Q

Endocrine system

A

Function: control system but not as fast-acting (as nervous system); uses chemicals called hormones that regulate things
Contains: series of glands that regulate growth

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29
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Function: to carry blood; our food supply & sewer; so that our whole body receives oxygen & nutrients
Contains: heart & blood vessels

30
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Function: 1. immunity–body-defense
2. fluid retrieval - fluids accumulate in body tissue & this system sucks it in & returns back to cardiovascular system
Contains: one-way tube system; carry lymph (clear whitish fluid)

31
Q

Digestive system

A

Function: breaks down food & gets rid of solid waste
Contains: stomach, small & large intestines, anus, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, mouth pharynx, esophagus

32
Q

Urinary system

A

Function: produces urine; kidneys filter blood & removes waste material from body; get rid of nitrogeneous waste
Contains: kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra & ureters

33
Q

Anatomical position

A

standard position; body is standing up, facing me, arms down & palms facing me, thumbs pointed away from the body

34
Q

Superior

A

Closer to head; i.e. the heart is superior to the liver

35
Q

Inferior

A

Closer to lower parts of the body

36
Q

Anterior/Ventral

A

closer to front of body

37
Q

Posterior/Dorsal

A

closer to back of body

38
Q

Medial

A

If structure is closer to midline

39
Q

Lateral

A

structure further away from midline (i.e. arms lateral to chest)

40
Q

Midline

A

Imaginary line that cuts body

41
Q

Intermediate

A

between 2 other structures

42
Q

Ipsilateral

A

2 structures on same side of body

43
Q

Contralateral

A

2 structures on opposite sides of body (i.e. ascending & descending colon)

44
Q

Superficial/External

A

structure closer to surface of body

45
Q

Deep/Internal

A

structure closer to inside of body

46
Q

Proximal

A

structure closer to attachment point on that limb (i.e. shoulder or hip)

47
Q

Distal

A

structure further away from attachment point

48
Q

Body Planes

A

flat surfaces (vertical or horizontal) to view

49
Q

Sagittal

A

vertical plane dividing body into left & right parts

50
Q

Midsagittal

A

vertical plane dividing body into equal left & right parts

51
Q

Parasagittal

A

vertical plane dividing body into unequal left & right parts

52
Q

Frontal

A

vertical plane dividing body into (front & back) anterior (ventral) & posterior (dorsal) parts

53
Q

Transverse

A

horizontal plane dividing body into superior & inferior parts

54
Q

Closed Body Cavities

A

spaces in body that have no openings to the outside

55
Q

Dorsal Body cavity

A

closer to back of body; holds brain & spinal cord; continuous–no structure that divides cranial from vertebral cavity

56
Q

What cavities does the Dorsal Body cavity contain?

A
  1. Cranial cavity - holds the brain

2. Vertebral cavity - holds the spinal cord

57
Q

Ventral Body Cavity

A

Closer to front of body; holds all the visceral organs (all digestive organs, some urinary & some reproductive organs, lungs & heart); larger than dorsal & NOT a continuos body cavity–diaphragm divides it;

58
Q

What cavities does the Ventral Body cavity contain?

A
  1. Thoracic cavity: upper part (superior)

2. Abdominopelvic cavity: lower part (inferior)

59
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

superior to diaphragm; 1. Pleural cavities - holds lungs; lateral to midline; 2. Mediastinum - part of thoracic cavity; medial to pleural cavities; pericardial cavity - only holds heart; inferior part to mediastinum

60
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A
  1. Abdominal cavity - holds most of digestive organs (stomach, small intestines, liver, gall bladder, large intestine)
  2. Pelvic cavity - some urinary organs (urinary bladder) & some reproductive organs
61
Q

Serous Membranes

A

double membranes lining closed body cavities;

  1. outer layer - parietal layer
  2. inner layer - visceral layer
62
Q

Pericardium

A

serous membrane lining the pericardial cavity

63
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

attaches to body wall (lines chest wall)

64
Q

Visceral pericardium

A

covers the hearts

65
Q

Serous fluid

A

oily fluid that allows for friction free movement allowing the viscera to slide somewhat; & so the membranes do not get damaged

66
Q

Pleura

A

serous membrane lining the pleural cavities

67
Q

Parietal pleura

A

serous membrane attaches to body wall (chest wall - lungs)

68
Q

Visceral pleura

A

s.m. covers lungs

69
Q

Peritoneum

A

serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity

70
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

attaches to body wall (abdominal wall)

71
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

s.m. covers digestive organs

A&P 1 - Chap 1 - 4 (1st test) (7 decks)

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