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A&P 1 - Chap 1 - 4 (1st test) > Chapter 1 - Intro to Human Body > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Intro to Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of the STRUCTURES of living things (what things look like & where they are located)

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2
Q

Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy

A

Study of structures large enough to be seen w/your eyes.

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3
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

Need a microscope or magnifying device to study structures.

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4
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A

Studying CHANGES of structures in anatomy (i.e. puberty)

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5
Q

Physiology

A

Study of the FUNCTIONS of living things (how things work)

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6
Q

Principles of A&P

A
  1. Structure determines function–every specific structure in the body has a function.
  2. Levels of structural organization - 6 levels
  3. Homeostasis
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7
Q

Levels of structural organization

A
  1. Chemical level - atoms & molecules
  2. Cells
  3. Tissues
  4. Organs
  5. Organ System
  6. Organism
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8
Q

Atoms

A

Simplest, smallest particles of matter (matter–anything that takes up space); not living

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9
Q

Molecules

A

Made of 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds; not living

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10
Q

Cells

A

ARE living; structural unit of all LIVING things; smallest living structure

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11
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of similar cells having a common function (4 kinds of tissues)

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12
Q

Organs

A

Structure made of 2 or more tissue types having a specific function.

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13
Q

Organ System

A

Several organs working together to accomplish a common purpose

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14
Q

Organism

A

Individual living thing

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15
Q

Homeostasis

A

Ability to maintain stable internal conditions (i.e. body temp; blood pressure)

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16
Q

Maintaining homeostasis

A
  1. Negative feedback mechanism

2. Positive feedback mechanism

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17
Q

Negative Feedback Mechanism

A

opposite or reverse; output (response to imbalance) reverses the direction of the stimulus (imbalance)

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18
Q

Positive Feedback Mechanism

A

output (response to the imbalance) enhances the stimulus (imbalance)

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19
Q

Negative feedback examples

A

high body temp - sweat;
low body temp - shiver;
glucose, blood pressure, heart rate

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20
Q

Positive feedback examples

A

Blood clotting; labor contractions

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21
Q

11 Organ Systems

A
  1. Nervous
  2. Urinary
  3. Respiratory
  4. Skeletal
  5. Endocrine
  6. Digestive
  7. Reproductive
  8. Cardiovascular
  9. Lymphatic
  10. Integumentary
  11. Muscular
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22
Q

Nervous system

A

Function: fast-acting control system; uses electrical impulses
Contains: brain, spinal cord, nerves

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23
Q

Reproductive system

A

Function: male & female system work together to produce offspring
Contains: gonads (testes & ovaries); females–uterus, vagina, uterine tubes & mammary glands; males–epididymides, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostrate & penis

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24
Q

Skeletal system

A

Function: 1. framework for body; supports & protects body
2. where all our blood cells are formed–made in bones
3. stores calcium
Contains: bones & joints

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25
Respiratory system
Function: gas exchange--Oxygen comes in & carbon dioxide exits body Contains: lungs & tubes that connect it
26
Integumentary system
Function: covers & protects outside of body & makes vitamin D Contains: skin, hair, nails
27
Muscular system
Function: 1. to move body 2. generates heat (by contracting) Contains: consists of skeletal muscles (muscles attached to bones)
28
Endocrine system
Function: control system but not as fast-acting (as nervous system); uses chemicals called hormones that regulate things Contains: series of glands that regulate growth
29
Cardiovascular system
Function: to carry blood; our food supply & sewer; so that our whole body receives oxygen & nutrients Contains: heart & blood vessels
30
Lymphatic system
Function: 1. immunity--body-defense 2. fluid retrieval - fluids accumulate in body tissue & this system sucks it in & returns back to cardiovascular system Contains: one-way tube system; carry lymph (clear whitish fluid)
31
Digestive system
Function: breaks down food & gets rid of solid waste Contains: stomach, small & large intestines, anus, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, mouth pharynx, esophagus
32
Urinary system
Function: produces urine; kidneys filter blood & removes waste material from body; get rid of nitrogeneous waste Contains: kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra & ureters
33
Anatomical position
standard position; body is standing up, facing me, arms down & palms facing me, thumbs pointed away from the body
34
Superior
Closer to head; i.e. the heart is superior to the liver
35
Inferior
Closer to lower parts of the body
36
Anterior/Ventral
closer to front of body
37
Posterior/Dorsal
closer to back of body
38
Medial
If structure is closer to midline
39
Lateral
structure further away from midline (i.e. arms lateral to chest)
40
Midline
Imaginary line that cuts body
41
Intermediate
between 2 other structures
42
Ipsilateral
2 structures on same side of body
43
Contralateral
2 structures on opposite sides of body (i.e. ascending & descending colon)
44
Superficial/External
structure closer to surface of body
45
Deep/Internal
structure closer to inside of body
46
Proximal
structure closer to attachment point on that limb (i.e. shoulder or hip)
47
Distal
structure further away from attachment point
48
Body Planes
flat surfaces (vertical or horizontal) to view
49
Sagittal
vertical plane dividing body into left & right parts
50
Midsagittal
vertical plane dividing body into equal left & right parts
51
Parasagittal
vertical plane dividing body into unequal left & right parts
52
Frontal
vertical plane dividing body into (front & back) anterior (ventral) & posterior (dorsal) parts
53
Transverse
horizontal plane dividing body into superior & inferior parts
54
Closed Body Cavities
spaces in body that have no openings to the outside
55
Dorsal Body cavity
closer to back of body; holds brain & spinal cord; continuous--no structure that divides cranial from vertebral cavity
56
What cavities does the Dorsal Body cavity contain?
1. Cranial cavity - holds the brain | 2. Vertebral cavity - holds the spinal cord
57
Ventral Body Cavity
Closer to front of body; holds all the visceral organs (all digestive organs, some urinary & some reproductive organs, lungs & heart); larger than dorsal & NOT a continuos body cavity--diaphragm divides it;
58
What cavities does the Ventral Body cavity contain?
1. Thoracic cavity: upper part (superior) | 2. Abdominopelvic cavity: lower part (inferior)
59
Thoracic cavity
superior to diaphragm; 1. Pleural cavities - holds lungs; lateral to midline; 2. Mediastinum - part of thoracic cavity; medial to pleural cavities; pericardial cavity - only holds heart; inferior part to mediastinum
60
Abdominopelvic cavity
1. Abdominal cavity - holds most of digestive organs (stomach, small intestines, liver, gall bladder, large intestine) 2. Pelvic cavity - some urinary organs (urinary bladder) & some reproductive organs
61
Serous Membranes
double membranes lining closed body cavities; 1. outer layer - parietal layer 2. inner layer - visceral layer
62
Pericardium
serous membrane lining the pericardial cavity
63
Parietal pericardium
attaches to body wall (lines chest wall)
64
Visceral pericardium
covers the hearts
65
Serous fluid
oily fluid that allows for friction free movement allowing the viscera to slide somewhat; & so the membranes do not get damaged
66
Pleura
serous membrane lining the pleural cavities
67
Parietal pleura
serous membrane attaches to body wall (chest wall - lungs)
68
Visceral pleura
s.m. covers lungs
69
Peritoneum
serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity
70
Parietal peritoneum
attaches to body wall (abdominal wall)
71
Visceral peritoneum
s.m. covers digestive organs

A&P 1 - Chap 1 - 4 (1st test) (7 decks)

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