Chapter 2 - Intro to Chemistry (continued) Flashcards
2 Parts of Organic Compounds
- Carbon Skeleton
2. Functional groups
Most abundant molecule in body
H2O
Organic compounds aka
Macromolecules
Building blocks/Monomers
made up of smaller repeating units of molecules which make up most macromolecules; smallest repeating units
Macromolecules
get there by dehydration synthesis–removes water to form covalent bond
Carbohydrates - FUNCTION
readily usable food fuel
Lipids - FUNCTION (Triglycerides)
compact storage form of energy fuel
Carbohydrates - FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
OH (Hydroxyl) & C=O (Carbonyl)
Carbohydrates - BUILDING BLOCKS/MONOMERS
Monosaccharides - CH2O (typical ratio); single unit sugars; 3 - 7 carbons make up its carbon skeleton
Carbohydrates
organic compound; polar molecules; made of 3 elements–C, H, O
Lipids
organic compound; non polar molecule; made of 3 elements–C,H,O; very few O; very diverse & variety of functions; technically they don’t have monomers; most are insoluble in water
Lipids - STRUCTURE (Triglycerides)
Glycerol, Fatty acids
Proteins
organic compound; made of C, H, O, N (usually some S & P); VERY DIVERSE; chain of amino acids
Proteins - FUNCTION
Structural, enzymes, transport, body defense
Proteins - BUILDING BLOCKS/MONOMERS
20 different amino acids
Lipids - FUNCTIONAL GROUP (Triglycerides)
COOH (double check this!!)
Proteins - FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
NH2 & COOH
Nucleic Acids
organic compound; LARGEST macromolecule in body; not as diverse as proteins
Nucleic Acids - FUNCTION
holds genetic info
Nucleic Acids - BUILDING BLOCKS/MONOMERS
Nucleotides;
Sugar + Phosphate + Nitrogeneous base
3 most common monosaccharides - 6 carbons (examples):
- Glucose
- Fructose
- Galactose
Molecular formula for all 3: C6 H12 O6
Isomers (examples)
Glucose, fructose, & galactose
To get to larger size carbs–
remove water; functional groups combine w/each other; remove OH group & remove H2O & you get a double sugar linked together by a covalent bond==sucrose is new; dehydrations synthesis;
glucose + fructose = sucrose
Examples of disaccharides:
- sucrose
- lactose-
- maltose (grain products)
Disaccharide is formed
from dehydration synthesis between 2 monosaccharides
Polysaccharide
after a lot of dehydration synthesis, you get to this (VERY LARGE); most carbs from diets come from this
Examples of Polysaccharide
- glycogen - stored in liver & muscle cells
2. starch - where we get carbs from
4 Kinds of Lipids:
- Triglycerides - fats, oils; 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol;
- Phospholipid - 2 fatty acids + Phosphate polar head
- Steroids - 4 rings of C + functional groups (varies–either OH or Carbonyl)
- Eicosanoids-derived from a fatty acid called drachidonic acid
Triglycerides
3 deh syn to get to triglycerides; 3 long chains of C & H & COOH at end of it attached to glycerol
2 shapes of proteins:
- fibrous proteins - straight; function: structural proteins or involved in moving body
- globular proteins (sphere) - transport things in body, enzymes, body defense
Example of fibrous proteins & globular proteins:
- fibrous - collagen–most abundant protein in body;
- globular - hemoglobin
20 different amino acids
each is different bc of the “R” group (side chain, radical); only different by the “R” group
Peptide bond
covalent bond holding together amino acids; only present in proteins; main covalent bond; dehydration synth between 2 amino acids forms a covalent bond
Levels of structure of proteins: (lowest to highest)
- Primary structure - amino acid sequence is critical
- Secondary structure - due to hydrogen bonding between different polar regions of polypeptide chain ex. Alpha helix - spiral & betapleated sheet
- Tertiary structure - folding one into 3D shape; most proteins have to reach this level
- Quaternary structure - association of several polypeptide chains;
Example of Quaternary structure
ex. hemoglobin - 4 separate polypeptide chains to allow hemoglobin to transport O
Polypeptide
chain of amino acids
Denaturation
breaks the hydrogen bonds in the protein & therefore destroys its function; changes shape of proteins; hydrogen bonds keep it in its shape & gives it its function
To break hydrogen bonds (denatures it):
- heat it up
- add strong acid - disrupts hydrogen bonds
- add salts - positive & negative charges
Shape of protein is critical
shape of protein is affected by temp or ph changes; most DIVERSE types of molecules in body
DNA nucleotide - FUNCTION, MONOMERS
Deoxyribonucleic acid;
FUNCTION: holds genetic material; LARGEST molecule in body; 46 molecules;
MONOMERS: 1 deoxyribose (sugar) + 1 Phosphate + 1 Nitrogeneous base
RNA - FUNCTION, MONOMERS
Ribonucleic acid;
FUNCTION: carries genetic info out of nucleus to cell; sugar different than DNA & one base is different;
MONOMERS: 1 Ribose + 1 Phosphate + 1 Nitrogeneous base
4 possible Nitrogeneous Bases for DNA:
- Thymine (not found in RNA)
- Adenine
- Cytosine
- Guanine
Structure of DNA
double helix – 2 chains coiled around each other; linked together by sugar & phosphate; sugar is attached to base; 2 VERY long chains of nucleotides; sugar & phosphate on outside & bases face inward; genetic info coded by bases; order of bases holds all our genetic info
4 possible Nitrogeneous Bases for RNA:
- Urasil (never found in DNA)
- Adenine
- Cytosine
- Guanine
Structure of DNA
single stranded & not as long as DNA molecule;
RNA molecule
links whole bunch of RNA nucleotides
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate; high energy molecule:
Adenine + Ribose + 3 Phosphates;
Adenosine = Adenine + Ribose
ATP - FUNCTIONAL GROUP, FUNCTION
3 phosphates
FUNCTION: holds chemical energy; high energy molecule that powers energy w/in body;
Chemical Energy
breaking of chemical bonds that can then power cells activity
ATP -
unstable covalent bond bc phosphate is a charged function group (-2); 3 negative charges - tend to want to break away from each other
ADP
Adenosine Diphosphate; lower energy molecule;
Adenine + Ribose + 2 Phosphates;
ADP + P = ATP
ATP becomes ADP through
hydrolosis; when we break apart ATP to release energy, we get ADP
ADP - FUNCTIONAL GROUP
2 phosphates
