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A&P 1 - Chap 1 - 4 (1st test) > Chapter 2 - Intro to Chemistry (continued) > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Intro to Chemistry (continued) Flashcards

1
Q

2 Parts of Organic Compounds

A
  1. Carbon Skeleton

2. Functional groups

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2
Q

Most abundant molecule in body

A

H2O

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3
Q

Organic compounds aka

A

Macromolecules

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4
Q

Building blocks/Monomers

A

made up of smaller repeating units of molecules which make up most macromolecules; smallest repeating units

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5
Q

Macromolecules

A

get there by dehydration synthesis–removes water to form covalent bond

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6
Q

Carbohydrates - FUNCTION

A

readily usable food fuel

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7
Q

Lipids - FUNCTION (Triglycerides)

A

compact storage form of energy fuel

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8
Q

Carbohydrates - FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

A

OH (Hydroxyl) & C=O (Carbonyl)

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9
Q

Carbohydrates - BUILDING BLOCKS/MONOMERS

A

Monosaccharides - CH2O (typical ratio); single unit sugars; 3 - 7 carbons make up its carbon skeleton

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10
Q

Carbohydrates

A

organic compound; polar molecules; made of 3 elements–C, H, O

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11
Q

Lipids

A

organic compound; non polar molecule; made of 3 elements–C,H,O; very few O; very diverse & variety of functions; technically they don’t have monomers; most are insoluble in water

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12
Q

Lipids - STRUCTURE (Triglycerides)

A

Glycerol, Fatty acids

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13
Q

Proteins

A

organic compound; made of C, H, O, N (usually some S & P); VERY DIVERSE; chain of amino acids

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14
Q

Proteins - FUNCTION

A

Structural, enzymes, transport, body defense

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15
Q

Proteins - BUILDING BLOCKS/MONOMERS

A

20 different amino acids

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16
Q

Lipids - FUNCTIONAL GROUP (Triglycerides)

A

COOH (double check this!!)

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17
Q

Proteins - FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

A

NH2 & COOH

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18
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

organic compound; LARGEST macromolecule in body; not as diverse as proteins

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19
Q

Nucleic Acids - FUNCTION

A

holds genetic info

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20
Q

Nucleic Acids - BUILDING BLOCKS/MONOMERS

A

Nucleotides;

Sugar + Phosphate + Nitrogeneous base

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21
Q

3 most common monosaccharides - 6 carbons (examples):

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Fructose
  3. Galactose
    Molecular formula for all 3: C6 H12 O6
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22
Q

Isomers (examples)

A

Glucose, fructose, & galactose

23
Q

To get to larger size carbs–

A

remove water; functional groups combine w/each other; remove OH group & remove H2O & you get a double sugar linked together by a covalent bond==sucrose is new; dehydrations synthesis;
glucose + fructose = sucrose

24
Q

Examples of disaccharides:

A
  1. sucrose
  2. lactose-
  3. maltose (grain products)
25
Q

Disaccharide is formed

A

from dehydration synthesis between 2 monosaccharides

26
Q

Polysaccharide

A

after a lot of dehydration synthesis, you get to this (VERY LARGE); most carbs from diets come from this

27
Q

Examples of Polysaccharide

A
  1. glycogen - stored in liver & muscle cells

2. starch - where we get carbs from

28
Q

4 Kinds of Lipids:

A
  1. Triglycerides - fats, oils; 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol;
  2. Phospholipid - 2 fatty acids + Phosphate polar head
  3. Steroids - 4 rings of C + functional groups (varies–either OH or Carbonyl)
  4. Eicosanoids-derived from a fatty acid called drachidonic acid
29
Q

Triglycerides

A

3 deh syn to get to triglycerides; 3 long chains of C & H & COOH at end of it attached to glycerol

30
Q

2 shapes of proteins:

A
  1. fibrous proteins - straight; function: structural proteins or involved in moving body
  2. globular proteins (sphere) - transport things in body, enzymes, body defense
31
Q

Example of fibrous proteins & globular proteins:

A
  • fibrous - collagen–most abundant protein in body;

- globular - hemoglobin

32
Q

20 different amino acids

A

each is different bc of the “R” group (side chain, radical); only different by the “R” group

33
Q

Peptide bond

A

covalent bond holding together amino acids; only present in proteins; main covalent bond; dehydration synth between 2 amino acids forms a covalent bond

34
Q

Levels of structure of proteins: (lowest to highest)

A
  1. Primary structure - amino acid sequence is critical
  2. Secondary structure - due to hydrogen bonding between different polar regions of polypeptide chain ex. Alpha helix - spiral & betapleated sheet
  3. Tertiary structure - folding one into 3D shape; most proteins have to reach this level
  4. Quaternary structure - association of several polypeptide chains;
35
Q

Example of Quaternary structure

A

ex. hemoglobin - 4 separate polypeptide chains to allow hemoglobin to transport O

36
Q

Polypeptide

A

chain of amino acids

37
Q

Denaturation

A

breaks the hydrogen bonds in the protein & therefore destroys its function; changes shape of proteins; hydrogen bonds keep it in its shape & gives it its function

38
Q

To break hydrogen bonds (denatures it):

A
  1. heat it up
  2. add strong acid - disrupts hydrogen bonds
  3. add salts - positive & negative charges
39
Q

Shape of protein is critical

A

shape of protein is affected by temp or ph changes; most DIVERSE types of molecules in body

40
Q

DNA nucleotide - FUNCTION, MONOMERS

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid;
FUNCTION: holds genetic material; LARGEST molecule in body; 46 molecules;
MONOMERS: 1 deoxyribose (sugar) + 1 Phosphate + 1 Nitrogeneous base

41
Q

RNA - FUNCTION, MONOMERS

A

Ribonucleic acid;
FUNCTION: carries genetic info out of nucleus to cell; sugar different than DNA & one base is different;
MONOMERS: 1 Ribose + 1 Phosphate + 1 Nitrogeneous base

42
Q

4 possible Nitrogeneous Bases for DNA:

A
  1. Thymine (not found in RNA)
  2. Adenine
  3. Cytosine
  4. Guanine
43
Q

Structure of DNA

A

double helix – 2 chains coiled around each other; linked together by sugar & phosphate; sugar is attached to base; 2 VERY long chains of nucleotides; sugar & phosphate on outside & bases face inward; genetic info coded by bases; order of bases holds all our genetic info

44
Q

4 possible Nitrogeneous Bases for RNA:

A
  1. Urasil (never found in DNA)
  2. Adenine
  3. Cytosine
  4. Guanine
45
Q

Structure of DNA

A

single stranded & not as long as DNA molecule;

46
Q

RNA molecule

A

links whole bunch of RNA nucleotides

47
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate; high energy molecule:
Adenine + Ribose + 3 Phosphates;
Adenosine = Adenine + Ribose

48
Q

ATP - FUNCTIONAL GROUP, FUNCTION

A

3 phosphates

FUNCTION: holds chemical energy; high energy molecule that powers energy w/in body;

49
Q

Chemical Energy

A

breaking of chemical bonds that can then power cells activity

50
Q

ATP -

A

unstable covalent bond bc phosphate is a charged function group (-2); 3 negative charges - tend to want to break away from each other

51
Q

ADP

A

Adenosine Diphosphate; lower energy molecule;
Adenine + Ribose + 2 Phosphates;
ADP + P = ATP

52
Q

ATP becomes ADP through

A

hydrolosis; when we break apart ATP to release energy, we get ADP

53
Q

ADP - FUNCTIONAL GROUP

A

2 phosphates

A&P 1 - Chap 1 - 4 (1st test) (7 decks)

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