Chapter 4 - Tissues

Question 1

four main types of tissues

Answer 1

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

Question 2

epithelial tissue

Answer 2

tissue that forms sheets that cover or line the body

Question 3

connective tissue

Answer 3

tissue that provides structural and functional support

Question 4

muscle tissue

Answer 4

tissue that contracts to produce movement

Question 5

nervous tissue

Answer 5

tissue that senses, conducts, and processes information

Question 6

extracellular matrix (ECM)

Answer 6

also called matrix; the non-cellular portion of a tissue produced and secreted by cells and used mainly for providing support; it is like jelly and made up of mostly water with various interlocking fibers that thicken it

Question 7

plasma

Answer 7

the thin watery matrix of blood; it is best understood as the liquid part of blood

Question 8

collagen

Answer 8

a protein that forms microscopic twisted ropes within the matrix of many tissues

Question 9

elastin

Answer 9

a protein forming the main constituent of elastic connective tissue, found especially in the dermis of the skin

Question 10

proteoglycans

Answer 10

any of a class of glycoproteins of high molecular weight that are found especially in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue

Question 11

glycoprotein

Answer 11

a type of protein molecule that has had a carbohydrate attached to it

Question 12

four shapes of epithelial cells

Answer 12

squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube-shaped), columnar (like a column), and transitional (varying shapes that can stretch)

Question 13

two arrangements of epithelial tissue

Answer 13

epithelial tissue can be classified as simple (arranged in a single layer) or stratified (arranged in many layers)

Question 14

simple squamous epithelium

Answer 14

A single layer of very thin and irregularly shaped epithelial cells. Because of the thin structure of simple squamous epithelium, substances can readily pass through its cells, making transport its special function. Absorption of oxygen into the blood, for example, takes place through the simple squamous epithelium that forms the tiny air sacs in the lungs

Question 15

stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 15

Epithelial tissue that consists of several layers of closely packed cells, an arrangement that makes this tissue especially adept at protection. Most microbes cannot work their way through a barrier of stratified squamous tissue such as that which composes the surface of skin and of mucous membranes.

Question 16

simple cuboidal epithelium

Answer 16

a single layer of epithelial cells that are, on average, about as high as they are wide—thus exhibiting a cube shape. This tissue does not form protective coverings but instead forms tubules or other groupings adapted for secretory activity. These secretory cuboidal cells usually function in tubes or clusters of secretory cells commonly called glands.

Question 17

exocrine vs endocrine glands

Answer 17

Glands of the body may be classified as exocrine if they release their secretion through a duct or as endocrine if they release their secretion directly by diffusion into the bloodstream.

Question 18

gland

Answer 18

An organ which produces and releases substances that perform a specific function in the body. Examples of such substances include saliva, sweat, and digestive juices

Question 19

stratified cuboidal epithelium

Answer 19

a rare type of epithelial tissue composed of cuboidally shaped cells arranged in multiple layers. They protect areas such as ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands.

Question 20

simple columnar epithelium

Answer 20

epithelial tissue that can be found lining the inner surface of the stomach, intestines, and some areas of the respiratory and reproductive tracts

Question 21

goblet cells

Answer 21

specialized epithelial cells that line multiple mucosal surfaces and have a well-appreciated role in barrier maintenance through the secretion of mucus; typically found in the respiratory, reproductive and gastrointestinal tracts

Question 22

pseudostratified epithelium

Answer 22

an epithelial tissue typical of that which lines the trachea or windpipe; it is called pseudo- because even though it appears to be stratified, it is not

Question 23

basement membrane

Answer 23

a thin, pliable sheet-like type of extracellular matrix that provides cell and tissue support; it sits between the epithelial and connective tissues

Question 24

stratified transitional epithelium

Answer 24

epithelial tissue that is typically found in body areas subjected to stress and that must be able to stretch. In many instances, up to 10 layers of differently shaped cells of varying sizes are present in the absence of stretching. When stretching occurs, the epithelial sheet expands, the number of cell layers decreases, and cell shape changes from roughly cuboidal to nearly squamous (flat) in appearance. (One example of this type of tissue is the wall of the urinary bladder.)

Question 25

electron microscopes

Answer 25

microscopes that use electron beams instead of light to produce images of very high magnification

Question 26

cytology

Answer 26

the study of cells

Question 27

histology

Answer 27

the study of tissues

Question 28

loose fibrous connective tissue

Answer 28

also called areolar tissue; is the most widely distributed of all connective tissue types. It is the “glue” that helps keep the organs of the body together. It consists of webs of fibers and of a variety of cells embedded in a loose matrix of soft, sticky gel.

Question 29

fascia

Answer 29

the fibrous material that helps bind the skin, muscles, bones, and other organs of the body together; it is mainly made up of areolar tissue

Question 30

adipose tissue

Answer 30

also called fat tissue; it is areolar tissue that stores lipids

Question 31

reticular tissue

Answer 31

A type of connective tissue that forms thin, delicate webs of collagen fibers called reticular fibers. It is found in bone marrow. It is also found in the spleen and lymph nodes, where it supports developing cells of the immune system

Question 32

dense fibrous connective tissue

Answer 32

Connective tissue that consists mainly of thick bundles of strong, white collagen fibers that are packed closely together. A few fiber-producing cells are scattered among the bundles.

Question 33

regular dense fibrous connective tissue

Answer 33

a type of dense fibrous connective tissue; it has collagen fiber bundles arranged in roughly parallel rows; it is seen in tendons

Question 34

irregular dense fibrous connective tissue

Answer 34

a type of dense fibrous connective tissue; it has collagen arranged in a chaotic swirl of tangled bundles. This type of tissue forms the tough sheets in the deepest layer of the skin. It forms a tough, flexible support to the epithelial superficial layer of the skin. Although the swirled pattern of fiber bundles allows the skin to stretch a little, overstretching the skin often causes tears in the irregular fibrous tissue called stretch marks.

Question 35

compact bone

Answer 35

the solid form of bone that makes up the outer walls of bones in the skeleton

Question 36

osteon

Answer 36

also called Haversian systems; they are the chief structural unit of compact bone

Question 37

cancellous bone

Answer 37

also called spongy bone; it is the internal tissue of the skeletal bone. The spaces within cancellous bone are filled with blood-forming hematopoietic tissue or adipose tissue. It is almost as hard as compact bone. (The term cancellous refers to something that is made up of a lattice.)

Question 38

lattice

Answer 38

a structure consisting of strips of wood or metal crossed and fastened together with square or diamond-shaped spaces left between, used as a screen or fence or as a support for climbing plants; can also refer to something that looks like a lattice

Question 39

chondrocytes

Answer 39

the only cells found in healthy cartilage; also called cartilage cells

Question 40

hyaline cartilage

Answer 40

Cartilage that has a moderate amount of collagen in its gel matrix, giving it a translucent, glasslike appearance. This is the most common type of cartilage in the body. It is found in the support rings of the respiratory tubes and covering the ends of bones that form joints.

Question 41

elastic cartilage

Answer 41

Cartilage that contains few collagen fibers but large numbers of very fine elastic fibers that give the matrix material a high degree of flexibility. This type of cartilage is found in the external ear and in the voice box, or larynx.

Question 42

fibrocartilage

Answer 42

The strongest and most durable type of cartilage. The matrix is rigid and filled with a dense packing of strong collagen fibers. Fibrocartilage disks serve as shock absorbers between adjacent vertebrae and in the knee joint.

Question 43

hematopoietic tissue

Answer 43

the bloodlike connective tissue found in the red marrow cavities of bones and in organs such as the spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes. This type of tissue is responsible for the formation of blood cells and lymphatic system cells important in our defense against disease

Question 44

contractility

Answer 44

the ability to shorten or contract

Question 45

susceptibility of muscle tissue

Answer 45

a reference to the fact that injured muscle cells are often slow to heal and often are replaced by fibrous scar tissue if injured

Question 46

skeletal muscle tissue

Answer 46

a type of muscle tissue that is attached to bones and, when contracted, produces voluntary and controlled body movements

Question 47

cardiac muscle tissue

Answer 47

a type of muscle tissue that forms the walls of the heart; the regular but involuntary contractions of cardiac muscle tissue produce the heartbeat

Question 48

smooth muscle tissue

Answer 48

a type of muscle tissue that helps form the walls of blood vessels and hollow organs such as the intestines and other tube-shaped structures in the body. Involuntary contractions of smooth muscle tissue propel material through the digestive tract and help regulate the diameter of blood vessels.

Question 49

striated muscle tissue

Answer 49

a muscle tissue that features repeating functional units called sarcomeres; there are two types: cardiac muscle tissue and skeletal muscle tissue

Question 50

sacromere

Answer 50

the smallest functional unit of striated muscle tissue

Question 51

neuron

Answer 51

also called a nerve cell; a cell that that communicates with other cells via specialized connections called synapses

Question 52

axon

Answer 52

the part of the neuron which transmits a nerve impulse away from the neuron’s cell body

Question 53

dendrite

Answer 53

the part of the neuron which transmits a nerve impulse toward the neuron’s cell body

Question 54

glial cells

Answer 54

also call neuroglia; nerve cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin in the peripheral nervous system, and provide support and protection for neurons

Question 55

synapse

Answer 55

a structure that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target effector cell

Question 56

effector cell

Answer 56

any of various types of cell that actively responds to a stimulus and effects some change

Question 57

brown fat

Answer 57

also called brown adipose tissue; a special kind of adipose tissue that burns its fuel when the body is cold in order to produce heat