Chapter 12 - Blood / Chapter 19 - Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Flashcards
formed elements (blood plasma)
The formed elements are cells and cell fragments suspended in the plasma. The three classes of formed elements are the erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and the thrombocytes (platelets).
purpose for the structure of red blood cells (RBC)
The RBC is surrounded by a tough and flexible plasma membrane which is “caved in” on both sides so that each one has a thin center and thicker edges. This biconcave disk shape provides a large surface area for moving dissolved blood gases (O2 and CO2) and other solutes quickly in or out of the blood cell. It also helps keep the RBCs from spinning as they flow through the bloodstream.
bone marrow transplant process
In this procedure, a needle is used to extract red marrow from the coxal or hipbone of a compatible donor who is under sedation, or anesthesia. The donated bone marrow is then processed and introduced into the recipient intravenously. Transplantation also may involve infusion of blood-forming stem cells harvested from the individual being treated, from a compatible donor, or from umbilical cord blood. If the recipient’s immune system does not reject the new tissue or stem cells (always a danger in transplant procedures), a new colony of healthy tissue may become established in the bone marrow. As a result, destroyed or damaged myeloid tissue will be replaced and begin again to produce normal, functioning blood cells.
complete blood cell count (CBC)
a battery of tests used to measure the amounts or levels of many blood constituents and is often ordered as a routine part of the physical examination
buffy coat
a concentration of all the white blood cells and platelets in a sample of blood
carbaminohemoglobin
(or carbaminohaemoglobin, also known as carbhemoglobin and carbohemoglobin)
a compound of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide, and is one of the forms in which carbon dioxide exists in the blood. Twenty-three percent of carbon dioxide is carried in blood this way
hemorrhagic anemia
anemia that results from a decrease in the number of RBCs caused by hemorrhage resulting from, for example, accidents or bleeding ulcers.
hemorrhage
a copious or heavy discharge of blood from the blood vessels
copious
abundant, plentiful, large in quantity
blood doping
also called blood boosting; it is something athletes do
A few weeks before an important event, an athlete has some blood drawn. The RBCs in this sample are separated and frozen. Just before competition, the RBCs are thawed and injected back into the athlete.
The increased hematocrit that results slightly improves the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, which theoretically improves performance. However, while the impact on performance is slight, the dangers to health and survival are real. This method is judged to be an unfair and unwise practice in athletics.
sickle cell trait (SCT)
A condition in which a child inherits the sickle cell gene mutation from one parent. People with SCT usually do not have any of the symptoms of sickle cell disease (SCD; sickle cell anemia), but they can pass the trait on to their children.
polycythemia
A rare blood disorder in which there is an increase in all blood cells, particularly red blood cells. The increase in blood cells makes your blood thicker. This can lead to strokes or tissue and organ damage.
hematospermia
The presence of blood in the ejaculate.
Rhesus (Rh) factor
An inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells. If your blood has the protein, you’re Rh positive. If your blood lacks the protein, you’re Rh negative. The term Rh is used because a scientist in 1937 discovered something similar to it in Rhesus monkeys.
erythroblastosis fetalis
a hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn that occurs when the immune system of an Rh-negative mother produces antibodies to an antigen in the blood of an Rh-positive fetus which cross the placenta and destroy fetal erythrocytes and that is characterized by an increase in circulating erythroblasts and by jaundice
erythroblasts
a polychromatic nucleated cell of red bone marrow that synthesizes hemoglobin and that is an intermediate in the initial stage of red blood cell formation
polychromatic
(1) showing a variety or a change of colors
(2) being or relating to radiation that is composed of more than one wavelength
embolus and embolism
If part of a blood clot dislodges and circulates through the bloodstream, the dislodged part is then called an embolus, and the condition is called an embolism. For example, a clot fragment that lodges in the lung is called a pulmonary embolism—a situation that may prove fatal.
prothrombin time (PT)
A laboratory test often used to regulate dosage of anticoagulant drugs. In this test, thromboplastin (a blood clotting factor) and calcium are added simultaneously to a tube of the patient’s plasma and a tube containing a normal control solution, and the time required for clot formation in both tubes is determined. A patient prothrombin time in excess of the standard control value (11 to 12.5seconds) indicates the level of anticoagulant effect caused by the administered drug.
international normalized ratio (INR)
A system established by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Committee on Thrombosis and Hemostasis for reporting the results of blood coagulation (clotting) tests. Abbreviated INR. Under the INR system, all results are standardized. For example, a person taking the anticoagulant warfarin (brand name: Coumadin) would regularly have blood tested to measure the INR. The INR permits patients on anticoagulants to travel and obtain comparable test results wherever they are.
phlebotomist
a nurse or other health worker trained in drawing venous blood for testing or donation
cannula
a small tube for insertion into a body cavity or into a duct or vessel
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
A disorder in which a person has difficulty recovering after experiencing or witnessing a terrifying event.
The condition may last months or years, with triggers that can bring back memories of the trauma accompanied by intense emotional and physical reactions.
Symptoms may include nightmares or unwanted memories of the trauma, avoidance of situations that bring back memories of the trauma, heightened reactions, anxiety, or depressed mood.
Treatment includes different types of trauma-focused psychotherapy as well as medications to manage symptoms.
Zoloft
Zoloft (sertraline) is an antidepressant belonging to a group of drugs called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Sertraline affects chemicals in the brain that may be unbalanced in people with depression, panic, anxiety, or obsessive-compulsive symptoms.
