Chapter 12 - Blood / Chapter 19 - Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

Question 1

formed elements (blood plasma)

Answer 1

The formed elements are cells and cell fragments suspended in the plasma. The three classes of formed elements are the erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and the thrombocytes (platelets).

Question 2

purpose for the structure of red blood cells (RBC)

Answer 2

The RBC is surrounded by a tough and flexible plasma membrane which is “caved in” on both sides so that each one has a thin center and thicker edges. This biconcave disk shape provides a large surface area for moving dissolved blood gases (O2 and CO2) and other solutes quickly in or out of the blood cell. It also helps keep the RBCs from spinning as they flow through the bloodstream.

Question 3

bone marrow transplant process

Answer 3

In this procedure, a needle is used to extract red marrow from the coxal or hipbone of a compatible donor who is under sedation, or anesthesia. The donated bone marrow is then processed and introduced into the recipient intravenously. Transplantation also may involve infusion of blood-forming stem cells harvested from the individual being treated, from a compatible donor, or from umbilical cord blood. If the recipient’s immune system does not reject the new tissue or stem cells (always a danger in transplant procedures), a new colony of healthy tissue may become established in the bone marrow. As a result, destroyed or damaged myeloid tissue will be replaced and begin again to produce normal, functioning blood cells.

Question 4

complete blood cell count (CBC)

Answer 4

a battery of tests used to measure the amounts or levels of many blood constituents and is often ordered as a routine part of the physical examination

Question 5

buffy coat

Answer 5

a concentration of all the white blood cells and platelets in a sample of blood

Question 6

carbaminohemoglobin

Answer 6

(or carbaminohaemoglobin, also known as carbhemoglobin and carbohemoglobin)
a compound of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide, and is one of the forms in which carbon dioxide exists in the blood. Twenty-three percent of carbon dioxide is carried in blood this way

Question 7

hemorrhagic anemia

Answer 7

anemia that results from a decrease in the number of RBCs caused by hemorrhage resulting from, for example, accidents or bleeding ulcers.

Question 8

hemorrhage

Answer 8

a copious or heavy discharge of blood from the blood vessels

Question 9

copious

Answer 9

abundant, plentiful, large in quantity

Question 10

blood doping

Answer 10

also called blood boosting; it is something athletes do
A few weeks before an important event, an athlete has some blood drawn. The RBCs in this sample are separated and frozen. Just before competition, the RBCs are thawed and injected back into the athlete.

The increased hematocrit that results slightly improves the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, which theoretically improves performance. However, while the impact on performance is slight, the dangers to health and survival are real. This method is judged to be an unfair and unwise practice in athletics.

Question 11

sickle cell trait (SCT)

Answer 11

A condition in which a child inherits the sickle cell gene mutation from one parent. People with SCT usually do not have any of the symptoms of sickle cell disease (SCD; sickle cell anemia), but they can pass the trait on to their children.

Question 12

polycythemia

Answer 12

A rare blood disorder in which there is an increase in all blood cells, particularly red blood cells. The increase in blood cells makes your blood thicker. This can lead to strokes or tissue and organ damage.

Question 13

hematospermia

Answer 13

The presence of blood in the ejaculate.

Question 14

Rhesus (Rh) factor

Answer 14

An inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells. If your blood has the protein, you’re Rh positive. If your blood lacks the protein, you’re Rh negative. The term Rh is used because a scientist in 1937 discovered something similar to it in Rhesus monkeys.

Question 15

erythroblastosis fetalis

Answer 15

a hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn that occurs when the immune system of an Rh-negative mother produces antibodies to an antigen in the blood of an Rh-positive fetus which cross the placenta and destroy fetal erythrocytes and that is characterized by an increase in circulating erythroblasts and by jaundice

Question 16

erythroblasts

Answer 16

a polychromatic nucleated cell of red bone marrow that synthesizes hemoglobin and that is an intermediate in the initial stage of red blood cell formation

Question 17

polychromatic

Answer 17

(1) showing a variety or a change of colors

(2) being or relating to radiation that is composed of more than one wavelength

Question 18

embolus and embolism

Answer 18

If part of a blood clot dislodges and circulates through the bloodstream, the dislodged part is then called an embolus, and the condition is called an embolism. For example, a clot fragment that lodges in the lung is called a pulmonary embolism—a situation that may prove fatal.

Question 19

prothrombin time (PT)

Answer 19

A laboratory test often used to regulate dosage of anticoagulant drugs. In this test, thromboplastin (a blood clotting factor) and calcium are added simultaneously to a tube of the patient’s plasma and a tube containing a normal control solution, and the time required for clot formation in both tubes is determined. A patient prothrombin time in excess of the standard control value (11 to 12.5seconds) indicates the level of anticoagulant effect caused by the administered drug.

Question 20

international normalized ratio (INR)

Answer 20

A system established by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Committee on Thrombosis and Hemostasis for reporting the results of blood coagulation (clotting) tests. Abbreviated INR. Under the INR system, all results are standardized. For example, a person taking the anticoagulant warfarin (brand name: Coumadin) would regularly have blood tested to measure the INR. The INR permits patients on anticoagulants to travel and obtain comparable test results wherever they are.

Question 21

phlebotomist

Answer 21

a nurse or other health worker trained in drawing venous blood for testing or donation

Question 22

cannula

Answer 22

a small tube for insertion into a body cavity or into a duct or vessel

Question 23

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Answer 23

A disorder in which a person has difficulty recovering after experiencing or witnessing a terrifying event.

The condition may last months or years, with triggers that can bring back memories of the trauma accompanied by intense emotional and physical reactions.

Symptoms may include nightmares or unwanted memories of the trauma, avoidance of situations that bring back memories of the trauma, heightened reactions, anxiety, or depressed mood.
Treatment includes different types of trauma-focused psychotherapy as well as medications to manage symptoms.

Question 24

Zoloft

Answer 24

Zoloft (sertraline) is an antidepressant belonging to a group of drugs called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Sertraline affects chemicals in the brain that may be unbalanced in people with depression, panic, anxiety, or obsessive-compulsive symptoms.

Question 25

pericardial sac

Answer 25

A conical sac of fibrous tissue which surrounds the heart and the roots of the great blood vessels. Also called the pericardium. The pericardium has outer and inner coats.

Question 26

laceration

Answer 26

tearing of the skin that results in an irregular wound

Question 27

water intoxication

Answer 27

A condition that occurs from drinking too much water, upsetting electrolyte balances.
Drinking too much water can decrease sodium in the blood to dangerously low levels, causing mild to life-threatening problems. People who participate in endurance activities, such as a marathon or triathlon, are at risk.

Question 28

dissociate

Answer 28

to separate from association or union with another

Question 29

nonelectrolyte

Answer 29

a substance that does not readily ionize when dissolved or melted and is a poor conductor of electricity

Question 30

pitting edema

Answer 30

depressions in swollen subcutaneous tissue that do not rapidly refill after an examiner has exerted finger pressure
(i.e. the marks on the skin don’t disappear quickly after you remove your finger)

Question 31

equivalent (chemistry)

Answer 31

(symbol: officially equiv; unofficially but often Eq)
the amount of a substance that reacts with (or is equivalent to) an arbitrary amount (typically one mole) of another substance in a given chemical reaction

In biological systems, reactions often happen on small scales, involving small amounts of substances, so those substances are routinely described in terms of milliequivalents (symbol: officially mequiv; unofficially but often mEq or meq), the prefix milli- denoting a factor of one thousandth.

Question 32

mole

Answer 32

the base unit of amount of substance in the International System of Units (SI). It is defined as exactly 6.02214076×10^23 particles, which may be atoms, molecules, ions, or electrons.

Question 33

substance (chemistry)

Answer 33

(in a given sample of matter) it is defined as the number of discrete atomic-scale particles in it divided by a complicated number called the Avogadro constant

Question 34

discrete vs discreet

Answer 34

Discrete: constituting a separate entity: individually distinct
Discrete: consisting of distinct or unconnected elements: NONCONTINUOUS
Discrete: taking on or having a finite or countably infinite number of values

Discreet: having or showing discernment or good judgment in conduct and especially in speech : PRUDENT
Discreet: UNPRETENTIOUS, MODEST
Discreet: UNOBTRUSIVE, UNNOTICEABLE

Question 35

IV technician

Answer 35

An intravenous (IV) technician is sometimes a certified pharmacy technician who administers intravenous procedures in a medical center or retail pharmacy. They may prepare prescriptions and complete rounds in medical facilities to give patients their prescribed medications. Many of these techs are scheduled to work weekends and nights.

Question 36

IV therapy

Answer 36

Also called intravenous therapy.
It is a medical technique that delivers fluids, medications and nutrition directly into a person’s vein. The intravenous route of administration is commonly used for rehydration or to provide nutrition for those who cannot, or will not - due to reduced mental states or otherwise - consume food or water by mouth. It may also be used to administer medications or other medical therapy such as blood products or electrolytes to correct electrolyte imbalances.
Attempts at providing intravenous therapy have been recorded as early as the 1400s, but the practice did not become widespread until the 1900s after the development of techniques for safe, effective use.

Question 37

transcellular fluid

Answer 37

the fluid that fills up the spaces of chambers that are created or formed from the linings of epithelial cells

Question 38

fluid balance

Answer 38

an aspect of the homeostasis of organisms in which the amount of water in the organism needs to be controlled, via osmoregulation and behavior, such that the concentrations of electrolytes in the various body fluids are kept within healthy ranges

Question 39

osmoregulation

Answer 39

maintenance by an organism of an internal balance between water and dissolved materials regardless of environmental conditions

Question 40

hypervolemia

Answer 40

the medical condition where there is too much fluid in the blood