Chapter 13 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards
apex
a blunt point on the lower edge of the heart; it lies on the diaphragm and providers often listen to the heart by placing a stethoscope directly over the apex
apical impulse
also called the apex beat
it is a pulse taken from near the apex of the heart
atria (singular: atrium)
the two upper chambers of the heart
Atria are often called receiving chambers because blood enters the heart through veins that open into these upper cavities.
ventricles
the two lower chambers of the heart
Blood is pumped from the heart into arteries that exit from the ventricles. The ventricles are therefore sometimes referred to as the discharging chambers of the heart.
myocardium
the muscular tissue of the heart
interatrial septum
the wall of tissue that separates the right and left atria of the heart
interventricular septum (IVS)
also called ventricular septum
during fetal development it’s called septum inferius
it is the stout wall separating the ventricles, the lower chambers of the heart, from one another
endocardium
a thin layer of very smooth tissue that lines each chamber of the heart
endocarditis
inflammation of the endocardium
pericardium
two layers of fibrous tissue with a small space in between them that form the covering and lining of the heart
visceral pericardium
also called the epicardium
it is the inner layer of the pericardium
parietal pericardium
the outer layer of pericardium
systole
the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries
diastole
the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood
atrioventricular (AV) valves
the two valves that separate the atrial chambers above from the ventricles below
bicuspid valve
also called the mitral valve
it is the left atrioventricular valve
it is located between the left atrium and left ventricle
tricuspid valve
the right atrioventricular valve, located between the right atrium and right ventricle
semilunar (SL) valves
the valves located between each ventricular chamber and its large artery that carries blood away from the heart when contraction occurs
pulmonary valve
a semilunar valve located at the beginning of the pulmonary artery and which allows blood going to the lungs to flow out of the right ventricle during systole but prevents it from flowing back into the ventricle during diastole
aortic valve
the semilunar valve located at the beginning of the aorta that allows blood to flow out of the left ventricle up into the aorta but prevents backflow into this ventricle
aorta
the main artery that carries blood away from your heart to the rest of your body
lub dup
Two distinct sounds that can be heard through a stethoscope placed on the anterior chest wall; they are rhythmical and repetitive sounds.
Lub (the first sound) is caused by the vibration and abrupt closure of the atrioventricular valves as the ventricles contract. Closure of the AV valves prevents blood from rushing back up into the atria during contraction of the ventricles. This first sound is of longer duration and lower pitch than the second.
Dup (the second heart sound) is caused by the closing of both semilunar valves when the ventricles undergo diastole (relax).
There is a pause between the first and second sound and there is also a pause between each lub dup.
atrial systole
contraction of the atria
ventricular systole
contraction of the ventricles
vena cava
A large vein that carries blood to the heart from other areas of the body. The vena cava has two parts: the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava. The superior vena cava carries blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest. The inferior vena cava carries blood from the legs, feet, and organs in the abdomen and pelvis. The vena cava is the largest vein in the body.
pulmonary arteries
arteries that carry blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs
pulmonary
pertaining to the lungs
pulmonary veins
veins that transfer oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
pulmonary circulation
movement of blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
systemic circulation
movement of blood from the left ventricle to throughout the body as a whole
coronary circulation
The circulation of blood in the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle. Coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. Cardiac veins then drain away the blood after it has been deoxygenated.
vein
Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart. Most veins carry deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart; exceptions are the pulmonary and umbilical veins, both of which carry oxygenated blood to the heart.