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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 11 - Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

exocrine glands

A

Glands that secrete their products into ducts that empty onto a surface or into a cavity. For example, sweat glands produce a watery secretion that empties onto the surface of the skin. Salivary glands are also exocrine glands, secreting saliva that flows into the mouth.

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2
Q

endocrine glands

A

They are ductless glands. They secrete chemicals known as hormones into intercellular spaces. From there, the hormones diffuse directly into the blood and are carried throughout the body. Each hormone molecule may then bind to a cell that has specific receptors for that hormone, triggering a reaction in the cell. Such a cell is called a target cell.

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3
Q

duct (anatomy)

A

a bodily tube or vessel especially when carrying the secretion of a gland

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4
Q

testosterone (hormone)

A

promotes development and maintenance of male sexual characteristics

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5
Q

melatonin (hormone)

A

inhibits tropic hormones that affect the ovaries; helps regulate the body’s internal clock and sleep cycles

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6
Q

tropic hormones

A

hormones that have other endocrine glands as their target

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7
Q

ghrelin (hormone)

A

affects energy balance (metabolism)

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8
Q

leptin (hormone)

A

controls how hungry or full we feel

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9
Q

glucagon (hormone)

A

Stimulates liver glycogenolysis, causing an increase in blood glucose concentration

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10
Q

insulin (hormone)

A

Promotes glucose entry into all cells, causing a decrease in blood glucose concentration

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11
Q

glycogenolysis

A

the process by which glycogen, the primary carbohydrate stored in the liver and muscle cells of animals, is broken down into glucose to provide immediate energy and to maintain blood glucose levels during fasting

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12
Q

oxytocin (hormone)

A

Stimulates uterine contractions at the end of pregnancy; Stimulates the release of milk into the breast ducts

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13
Q

prolactin

A

Stimulates breast development during pregnancy and milk secretion (milk let-down) after pregnancy

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14
Q

hypersecretion vs hyposecretion

A

hypersecretion is when a gland produces too much hormone; hyposecretion is when a gland produces too little

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15
Q

signal transduction

A

the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events

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16
Q

steroid hormones

A

lipid-soluble hormones that pass intact through the cell membrane of the target cell and influence cell activity by acting on specific genes

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17
Q

nonsteroid hormones

A

general type of hormone that does not have the lipid steroid structure (derived from cholesterol) but is instead a protein or protein derivative; also sometimes called protein hormone
Nonsteroid hormones serve as first messengers, providing communication between endocrine glands and target organs. Another molecule, such as cyclic AMP, then acts as the second messenger, providing communication within a hormone’s target cells.

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18
Q

second messenger mechanism

A

According to this concept, a nonsteroid protein hormone, such as thyroid-stimulating hormone, acts as a “first messenger” (that is, it delivers its chemical message from the cells of an endocrine gland to highly specific membrane receptor sites on the target cells).

This interaction between a hormone and its specific receptor site on the target cell’s plasma membrane is often compared with the fitting of a unique key into a lock. (This idea is the lock-and-key model of chemical activity.)

After the hormone attaches to its specific receptor site, a number of chemical reactions occur. These reactions activate molecules within the cell called second messengers.

One example of this mechanism occurs when the hormone-receptor interaction changes energy-rich ATP molecules inside the cell into cyclic AMP (adenosine monophosphate). Cyclic AMP serves as the second messenger, delivering information inside the cell that regulates the cell’s activity. For example, cyclic AMP causes thyroid cells to respond to thyroid-stimulating hormone by secreting a thyroid hormone such as thyroxine. Cyclic AMP is only one of several second messengers that have been discovered.

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19
Q

prostaglandins (PGs)

A

also called tissue hormones, they are important and extremely powerful lipid substances found in a wide variety of tissues. PGs are modified versions of fatty acids. PGs play an important role in communication and in the control of many body functions but do not meet the definition of a typical hormone.

The term tissue hormone is appropriate because in many instances a prostaglandin is produced in a tissue and then diffuses only a short distance to act on cells within that tissue. Typical hormones influence and control activities of widely separated organs; typical PGs influence activities of neighboring cells.

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20
Q

paracrine agents

A

The term paracrine literally means “secrete beside”—an apt description for a regulatory agent released right next to its target cell (e.g. prostaglandins).

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21
Q

anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)
vs.
posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)

A

Both are part of the pituitary gland.
Differences between the two glands are indicated by their names—adeno means “gland,” and neuro means “nervous.” The adenohypophysis has the epithelial structure of an endocrine gland, whereas the neurohypophysis has the cellular structure of nervous tissue. Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis serve very different functions from those released from the neurohypophysis.

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22
Q

sella turcica

A

a depression in the middle line of the upper surface of the sphenoid bone in which the pituitary gland is lodged

23
Q

pituitary stalk

A

a stem-like structure that attaches the pituitary body to the hypothalamus

24
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

A hormone that acts on the thyroid gland. As its name suggests, it stimulates the thyroid gland to increase secretion of thyroid hormone.

25
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

A hormone that acts on the adrenal cortex. It stimulates the adrenal cortex to increase in size and to secrete larger amounts of its hormones, especially larger amounts of cortisol (hydrocortisone).

26
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

A hormone that stimulates the primary ovarian follicles in an ovary to start growing and to continue developing to maturity (that is, to the point of ovulation). FSH also stimulates follicle cells to secrete estrogens. In the male, FSH stimulates the seminiferous tubules to grow and form sperm.

27
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

a hormone that acts with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to perform several functions. It stimulates a follicle and ovum to complete their growth to maturity, it stimulates follicle cells to secrete estrogens, and it causes ovulation (rupturing of the mature follicle with expulsion of its ripe ovum). Because of this function, LH is sometimes called the ovulating hormone.

28
Q

adrenal cortex

A

The outer portion of the adrenal gland located on top of each kidney. The adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones which regulate carbohydrate and fat metabolism and mineralocorticoid hormones which regulate salt and water balance in the body.

29
Q

gigantism

A

abnormal growth due to an excess of growth hormone (GH) during childhood

30
Q

dwarfism

A

short stature that results from a genetic or medical condition (such as lack of growth hormone)

31
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

GH speeds up the movement of digested proteins (amino acids) out of the blood and into the cells, and this accelerates the cells’ anabolism (building-up) of amino acids to form tissue proteins. This anabolic action promotes normal growth.

32
Q

hypoglycemia

A

lower than normal blood glucose concentration

33
Q

hyperglycemia

A

higher than normal blood glucose concentration

34
Q

larynx

A

The area of the throat containing the vocal cords and used for breathing, swallowing, and talking. Also called voice box.

35
Q

epiglottis

A

The flap that covers the trachea during swallowing so that food does not enter the lungs

36
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

An oversecretion of the thyroid hormones, which dramatically increases the metabolic rate. Nutrients are metabolized by the cells at an excessive rate, and individuals who suffer from this condition lose weight, are irritable, have an increased appetite, and often show protrusion of the eyeballs due in part to edema of tissue at the back of the eye socket

37
Q

hypothyroidism

A

An undersecretion of thyroid hormones, which can be caused by and result in a number of different medical conditions.

38
Q

goiter

A

an abnormal enlargement of your thyroid gland, often as a result of iodine deficiency or inflammation of the thyroid gland

39
Q

cretinism

A

a congenital disease due to absence or deficiency of normal thyroid secretion, characterized by physical deformity, dwarfism, and mental retardation, and often by goiter

40
Q

myxedema

A

severe hypothyroidism characterized by firm inelastic edema, dry skin and hair, and loss of mental and physical vigor

41
Q

colloid

A

a mixture in which one substance of microscopically dispersed insoluble particles are suspended throughout another substance

42
Q

adrenal glands

A

endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol; they’re located on top of each of your kidneys.

43
Q

adrenal medulla

A

the inner part of the adrenal glands; it is made up of secretory nervous tissue

44
Q

three cell layers of the adrenal cortex

A

The outer zone cells secrete mineralocorticoids (aldosterone). The middle zone cells secrete glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone). The inner zone cells secrete sex hormones (androgens).

45
Q

mineralocorticoid

A

a corticosteroid, such as aldosterone, that is involved with maintaining the salt balance in the body

46
Q

corticoids

A

Hormones secreted by the three cell layers or zones of the adrenal cortex, all of which are steroid hormones.

47
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

a process in liver cells that converts amino acids or glycerol to glucose

48
Q

Addison disease

A

A disease caused by deficiency, or hyposecretion, of adrenal cortex hormones. President John F. Kennedy suffered from Addison disease, which causes reduced cortical hormone levels resulting in muscle weakness, reduced blood sugar, nausea, loss of appetite, and weight loss.

49
Q

pancreatic islets

A

endocrine portion of the pancreas; made up of small groupings of alpha and beta cells among others; also known as islet of Langerhans

50
Q

endocrinology

A

a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions known as hormones

51
Q

atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)

A

A peptide hormone that is produced by the right atrium of the heart in response to elevated blood pressure and stimulates the excretion of sodium and water by the kidneys

52
Q

glycosuria

A

the excretion of glucose into the urine. Ordinarily, urine contains no glucose because the kidneys are able to reabsorb all of the filtered glucose from the tubular fluid back into the bloodstream. Glycosuria is nearly always caused by elevated blood glucose levels, most commonly due to untreated diabetes mellitus

53
Q

tubular fluid

A

the fluid in the tubules of the kidney

Anatomy and Physiology (20 decks)

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