Chapter 4 The Musculoskeletal System— Orthopedics (TERMS) Flashcards
Bone starts as
Cartilage
Blood vessels penetrate the cartilage…
…and bone cells (osteocytes) begin the process of replacing the cartilage model with actual bone.
- process begins well before you are born and does not finish until puberty ends.
Many bones harden from the center…
outward
Some bones grow in a special growth center called
epiphyseal plate (also known as the growth plate)
growth center lies in the
metaphysis (area between the end of the bone(epiphysis) and the long shaft of the bone (diaphysis) )
Suffix for growth
-physis
The bones in the middle of the skeleton are called the
axial part of your skeleton
skull (cranio) is attached to your
spine
spine is made of many similar bones called
vertebrae that connect together
vertebrae protect
your spinal cord
Spine has 4 sections
- neck section (cervical)
-chest/upper back section (thoracic) - lower back (lumbar and sacral)
Ribs(costo) attach to the
vertebrae of the thoracic section
arms and legs branch off both sides of this central part of the skeleton
vertebrae of thoracic section
your upper arm (brachio) leads to the two bones of your
forearm(radius and ulna)
your upper arm (brachio) leads to the two bones of your forearm(radius and ulna), then to your wrist (carpe)
wrist (carpe)
your upper arm (brachio) leads to the two bones of your forearm(radius and ulna), then to your wrist (carpe), and finally to your
fingers (phalanges).
legs begin with your
thigh bone (femur)
legs begin with your thigh bone (femur), work down to the two
shin bones (tibia and fibula)
legs begin with your thigh bone (femur), work down to the two shin bones (tibia and fibula), move on to your
ankle (tarsal)
legs begin with your thigh bone (femur), work down to the two shin bones (tibia and fibula), move on to your ankle (tarsal), and ultimately reach your
toes (phalanges again like the fingers)
Root for bone
oste/o
Root for head and skull
crani/o
Root for neck
cervic/o
Root for vertebra
spondyl/o
root for loin, lower back
lumb/o
root for arm
brachi/o
root for finger
dactyl/o
root for wrist
carp/o
root for rib
cost/o
root for femur (thighbone)
femor/o
root for tibia (shinbone)
tibi/o
root for ankle
tars/o
every bone in the body is connected to another except the
hyoid
the connection points between bones are known as
joints
Not all joints allow
movement (e.g. bones in your skull are bound tightly together)
moving joints allow motions like
bending and rotating
when a joint bends its called
flexion
when a joint straightens its called
extension
widening of a joint to move parts away from the body is
abduction
the joint narrows to bring parts back toward the body
adduction
holds muscle to bone
tendon
hold bone to bone
ligaments
surrounds bones at the joints and allows smooth movement among them
cartilage
under many tendons lie sacs of fluid, known as ___________ which help keep muscles and bones moving smoothly
bursae
root for cartilage
chondr/o
root for joint
arthr/o
root for bursa
burs/o
skeletal muscle is encased in a thick membrane called
fascia
fascia helps keep the muscle
together
skeletal muscles attach to bones their job is to
move the bones
muscles attach to bone via
tendons (which are thick bands of connective tissue)
root of tendon (connective tissue connecting muscle to bone)
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
root of muscle
muscul/o, my/o, myos/o
root for fascia (fibrous connective tissue binding muscles together)
fasci/o
root for tone, tension
ton/o
root for movement, motion
kinesi/o (also sometimes kinet/o)
root for arrangement, order, coordination
tax/o
root for stiff, bent
ankyl/o
the most common musculoskeletal medical complaint is
pain
rib pain
costalgia
cost/algia
rib/pain
(kaws-TAL-jee-ah)
pain in the bones of the foot
metatarsalgia
meta/tars/algia
after/ankle/pain
(MET-ah-tar-SAL-jee-ah)
bone pain
ostalgia
ost/algia
bone pain
(aws-TAL-jee-ah)
bone pain
osteodynia
osteo/dynia
bone/ pain
(AWS-tee-oh-DIN-ee-ah)
vertebra pain
spondylodynia
spondylo/dynia
vertebra/pain
(SPAWN-dih-loh-DIN-ee-ah)
tibia (shin) pain
tibialgia
tibi/algia
tibia/ pain
(TIB-ee-AL-jee-ah)
joint stiffness
ankylosis
ankyl/osis
stiff/condition
(ANG-kih-LOH-sis)
joint pain
arthralgia
arthr/algia
joint/pain
(ar-THRAL-jee-ah)
joint pain
arthrodynia
arthro/dynia
joint/pain
(AR-thoh-DIN-ee-ah)
neck pain
cervicodynia
cervico/dynia
neck/pain
(SIR-vih-koh-DIN-ee-ah)
a crackling sound heard in joints
crepitation
(krep-ih-TAY-shun)
knock-kneed
genu valgum
knee pointed in
(JEH-nyoo- VAL-gum)
bowlegged
gene varum
knee bowed out
(JEH-nyoo VAH-rum)
slow movement
bradykinesia
brady/kinesia
slow/movement
(BRAD-ee-kih-NEE-see-ah)
inability to control movement
dyskinesia
dys/kinesia
bad/movement
(DIS-kih-nee-zhee-ah)
poor coordination
dystaxia
dys/taxia
bad/coordination
(dis-TAK-see-ah)
poor muscle tone
dystonia
dys/tonia
bad/muscle tone
(dis-TOH-nee-ah)
writer’s cramp
graphospasm
grapho/spasm
write/involuntary contraction
(GRAF-oh-spazm)
increase in muscle movement or activity
hyperkinesia
hyper/kinesia
over/movement
(HAI-per-kin-NEE-zhee-ah)
increased muscle tone or tightness
hypertonia
hyper/tonia
over/ muscle tone
(HAI-per-TOH-nee-ah)
decrease in muscle movement or activity
hypokinesia
hypo/kinesia
under/movement
(HAI-poh-kih-NEE-zhee-ah)
decrease in muscle tone or tightness
hypotonia
hypo/tonia
under/muscle tone
(HAI-poh-TOH-nee-ah)
muscle pain
myalgia
my/algia
muscle/pain
(mai-AL-jee-ah)
muscle weakness
myasthenia
my/asthenia
muscle/weakness
(MAI-as-THEE-nee-ah)
muscle pain
myodynia
myo/dynia
muscle/pain
(MAI-oh-DIN-ee-ah)
muscle spasm
myospasm
myo/spasm
muscle/ involuntary contraction
(MAI-oh-SPAZM)
tendon pain
tenalgia
ten/algia
tendon/pain
(te-NAL-jee-ah)
the exam of the muscles and bones focuses mainly on typical signs of inflammation:
redness, swelling, heat, and pain
puncture of a joint
arthrocentesis
arthro/centesis
joint/puncture
(AR-throh-sen-TEE-sis)
instrument for looking into a joint
arthroscope
arthro/scope
joint/instrument to look
(AR-throh-SKOHP)
procedure of looking into a joint
arthroscopy
arthro/scopy
joint/procedure to look
(ar-THRAWS-koh-pee)
a record of the electrical activity of a muscle
electromyogram
electro/myo/gram
electricity/muscle/record
(eh-LEK-troh-MAI-oh-gram)
procedure for measuring the electrical activity of a muscle
electromyography
electro/myo/graphy
electricity/ muscle/writing procedure
(eh-LEK-troh-mai-AWG-rah-fee)
procedure for studying muscles
myography
myo/graphy
muscle/ writing procedure
(mai-AWG-rah-fee)
visual record of a joint
arthrogram
arthro/gram
joint/record
(AR-throh-GRAM)
procedure used to examine a joint
arthrography
arthro/graphy
joint/writing procedure
(ar-THRAWG-ra-fee)
imaging procedure using a computer to produce cross sections along an axis
computed axial tomography (CAT or CT)
axi/al tomo/graphy
axis/pertaining to cut/writing procedure
(kom-PYOO-ted-AK-see-al toh-MAWG-rah-fee)
humped back; abnormal forward curvature of the upper spine
kyphosis
kyph/osis
bent/condition
(kai-FOH-sis)
sway back; abnormal forward curvature of the lower spine
lordosis
lord/osis
bent backward/condition
(lor-DOH-sis)
crooked back; abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
scoliosis
scoli/osis
crooked/condition
(SKOH-lee-OH-sis)
wrist inflammation
carpitis
carp/itis
wrist/inflammation
(kar-PAL-tis)
softening of the skull
craniomalacia
cranio/malacia
skull/softening
(kray-nee-oh-mah-LAY-shee-ah)
abnormal growth of bone out of another bone
exostosis
ex/ost/osis
out/bone/condition
(EK-sos-toh-sis)
a bone break
fracture
(FRAK-chur)
poor bone development
osteodystrophy
osteo/dys/trophy
bone/bad/nourishment
(AWS-tee-oh-DIS-troh-fee)
bone loss
osteolysis
osteo/lysis
bone/loss
(AWS-tee-awl-ih-sis)
death of bone
osteonecrosis
osteo/necr/osis
bone/death/condition
(AWS-tee-oh-neh-KROH-sis)
abnormal hardening of bone
osteosclerosis
osteo/scler/osis
bone/hardening/condition
(AWS-tee-oh-skleh-ROH-sis)
having more than the normal number of fingers (or toes)
polydactyly
poly/dactyl/y
many/finger/condition
(PAWL-ee-DAK-tih-lee)
vertebra inflammation
spondylitis
spondyl/itis
vertebra/inflammation
(spawn-dih-LAIT-is)
softening of the vertebra
spondylomalacia
spondylo/malacia
vertebra/softening
(SPAWN-dih-loh-mah-LAY-shee-ah)
fusion(sometimes called webbing) of fingers (or toes)
syndactyly
syn/dactyl/y
together/finger/condition
(sin-DAK-tih-lee)
flat feet
tarsoptosis
tarso/ptosis
ankle/drooping condition
(TAR-sawp-TOH-sis)
a stone in a bursa
bursolith
burso/lith
bursa/stone
(BIR-soh-lith)
fluid buildup
effusion
ef/fusion
out/pour
(ee-FYOO-zhun)
blood in a joint
hemarthrosis
hem/arthr/osis
blood/joint/condition
(hem-ar-THROH-sis)
water (fluid) in a joint
hydrarthrosis
hydr/arthr/osis
water/joint/condition
(HAI-drar-THROH-sis)
pus in a joint
pyarthrosis
py/arthr/osis
pus/joint/condition
(PAI-ar-THROH-sis)
underdevelopment, decrease, or loss of muscle tissue
atrophy
a/trophy
no/nourishment
(A-troh-fee)
overdevelopment of muscle tissue
hypertrophy
hyper/trophy
over/nourishment
(hai-PER-troh-fee)
hernia of muscle tissue
myocele
myo/cele
muscle/hernia
(MAI-oh-seel)
loss of muscle tissue
myolysis
myo/lysis
muscle/loss
(mai-AWL-ih-sis)
softening of a muscle
myomalacia
myo/malacia
muscle/softening
(MAI-oh-mah-LAY-see-ah)
hardening of a muscle
myosclerosis
myo/scler/osis
muscle/hardening/conditon
(MAI-oh-skler-OH-sis)
stretching of a muscle
myotasis
myo/tasis
muscle/expansion
(mai-AWT-ah-sis)
muscle tone
myotonia
myo/tonia
muscle/tone
(MAI-oh-TOH-nee-ah)
a stiffening inflammation of the vertebrae
ankylosingspondylitis
ankylos/ing/spondyl/itis
stiffen/causing vertebra/inflammation
(ANG-kih-LOH-sing spawn-dih-LAI-tis)
poor development of bones and cartilage
chondro-osteodystrophy
chondro/osteo/dys/trophy
cartilage/bone/bad/nourishment
(KAWN-droh-AWS-tee-oh-DIS-troh-fee)
the premature fusing of the skull bones
craniosynostosis
cranio/syn/ost/osis
skull/together/bone/osis
(KRAY-nee-oh-SIN-AWS-toh-sis)
finger inflammation
dactylitis
dactyl/itis
finger/ inflammation
(DAK-tih-LAI-itis)
hypertrophic spondylitis
hyper/trophic spondyl/itis
over/nourishment vertebra/ inflammation
(HAI-per-TROH-fik spawn-dih-LAI-its)
bone inflammation
osteitis
oste/itis
bone/inflammation
(AWS-tee-AIT-is)
inflammation of bone and cartilage
osteochondritis
osteo/chondr/itis
bone/cartilage/inflammation
(AWS-tee-oh-KON-DRAIT-is)
a disease in which the bones do not develop correctly, also known as brittle bone disease
osteogenesis imperfecta
osteo/genesis im/perfecta
bone/ creation not/ complete
(AWS-tee-oh-JIN-eh-sis IM-per-FEK-tah)
softening of the bone
osteomalacia
osteo/malacia
bone/softening
(AWS-tee-oh-mah-LAY-shee-ah)
inflammation of the bone and bone marrow
osteomyelitis
osteo/myel/itis
bone/marrow/inflammation
(AWS-tee-oh-MAI-eh-LAIT-is)
bone disease
osteopathy
osteo/pathy
bone/disease
(AWS-tee-AWP-ah-thee)
reduction in bone volume
osteopenia
osteo/penia
bone/deficiency
(AWS-tee-oh-PEE-nee-ah)
loss of bone density
osteoporosis
osteo/por/osis
bone/pore/condition
(AWS-tee-oh-poh-ROH-sis)
abnormal narrowing of the spine
spinal stenosis
spinal sten/osis
spine narrow/condition
(SPAI-nal stih-NOH-sis)
joint disease of the vertebra
spondyloarthropathy
spondylo/arthro/pathy
vertebra/joint/disease
(SPAWN-dih-loh-ar-THRAWP-ah-thee)
the slipping or dislocation of a vertebra
spondylolisthesis
spondylo/listhesis
vertebra/slipping
(SPAWN-dih-loh-lis-THEE-sis)
loss of vertebra structure
spondylolysis
spondylo/lysis
vertebra/loss
(SPAWN-dih-LOL-ih-sis)
vertebra condition
spondylosis
spondyl/osis
vertebra/condition
(SPAWN-dih-LOH-sis)
joint inflammation
arthritis
arthr/itis
joint/inflammation
(ar-THRAI-tis)
inflammation of the joints; it is called rheumatoid because its symptoms resemble those of rheumatic fever
rheumatoid arthritis
rheumat/oid arthr/itis
rheumatic fever/resembling joint/ inflammation
(ROO-mah-TOYD-ar-THRAI-tis)
inflammation of the joint caused by infection
septic arthritis
septic arthr/itis
rotting joint/inflammation
(SEP-tik ar-THAI-tis)
inflammation of the joints, specifically those that bear weight
osteoarthritis
osteo/arthr/itis
bone/joint/inflammation
(AWS-tee-oh-ar-THRAI-tis)
hernia of a joint
arthrocele
arthro/cele
joint/hernia
(AR-throh-SEEL)
abnormal joint devolpment
arthrodysplasia
arthro/dys/plasia
joint/bad/formation
(AR-throh-dis-PLAY-zhee-ah)
joint disease
arthropathy
arthro/pathy
joint/disease
(ar-THRAWP-ah-thee)
hardening of the joints
arthrosclerosis
arthro/scler/osis
joint/hardening/condition
(AR-throh-skleh-ROH-sis)
inflammation of the bursa
bursitis
burs/itis
bursa/inflammation
(bur-SAIT-is)
disease of the bursa
bursopathy
burso/pathy
bursa/disease
(bur-SAWP-ah-thee)
partial dislocation of a joint
subluxation
sub/luxation
beneath/dislocation
(SUB-luk-SAY-shun)
a defect in the formation of cartilage
achondroplasia
a/chondro/plasia
no/cartilage/formation
(AY-KAWN-droh-PLAY-zhee-ah)
abnormal softening of the cartilage
chondromalacia
chondro/malacia
cartilage/softening
(KAWN-droh-mah-LAY-shee-ah)
inflammation of the cartilage of the rib
costochondritis
costo/chondr/itis
rib/cartilage/inflammation
(KAWS-toh-kawn-DRAIT-is)
inflammation of the fascia
fasciaitis
fascia/itis
fasica/ inflammation
(FASH-ee-AIT-is)
disorder characterized by poor muscle development
muscular dystrophy
muscul/ar dys/trophy
muscle/ pertaining to bad/ nourishment
(MUS-kyoo-lar- DIS-troh-fee)
violent muscle contraction
myoclonus
myo/clonus
muscle/ turmoil
(MAI-AWK-loh-nus)
muscle disease
myopathy
myo/pathy
muscle/disease
(mai-AWP-ah-thee)
muscle weakness
myasthenia
my/asthenia
muscle/weakness
(MAI-as-THEE-nee-ah)
inflammation of muscle and fascia
myofasciitis
myo/fasci/itis
muscle/fascia/inflammation
(MAI-oh-FASH-ee-AI-tis)
muscle inflammation
myositis
myos/itis
muscle/inflammation
(mai-oh-SAI-tis)
inflammation of the fascia, causing the death of tissue
necrotizing fasciitis
necrot/izing fasci/itis
death/causing fascia/inflammation
(NEK-roh-TAI-zing FASH-ee-AIT-is)
inflammation of multiple muscles
polymyositis
poly/myos/itis
many/muscle/inflammation
(PAWL-ee-MAI-oh-SAI-tis)
condition characterized by the loss of muscle control
tardive dyskinesia
tardive dys/kinesia
slow bad/movement
(TAR-div DIS-kih-NEE-zhee-ah)
tendin/itis
tendon/inflammation
tendinitis
tendon inflammation
tendonitis
tendon/itis
(TEN-dah-NAI-tis)
a tumor like growth of cartilage tissue
chondroma
chondr/oma
cartilage/tumor
(kawn-DROH-mah)
a muscle tumor
myoma
my/oma
muscle/tumor
(mai-OH-mah)
a cancerous muscle tumor
myosarcoma
myo/sarc/oma
muscle/flesh/tumor
(MAI-oh-sar-KOH-mah)
bone cancer tumor
osteocarcinoma
osteo/carcin/oma
bone/cancer/tumor
(AWS-tee-oh-kar-sin-OH-mah)
a tumor made up of bone and cartilage, also known as an exostosis made up of cartilage
osteochondroma
osteo/chondr/oma
bone/cartilage/tumor
(AWS-tee-oh-KON-DROH-mah)
cancerous tumor arising out of bone cells
osteosarcoma
osteo/sarc/oma
bone/flesh/tumor
(AWS-tee-oh-sar-KOH-mah)
a drug that relieves pain
analgesic
an/alge/sic
no/pain/agent
(AN-al-JEE-zik)
a drug that opposes joint inflammation
antiarthritic
anti/arthri/tic
against/joint (pain)/agent
(ANT-ee-ar-THRIT-ik)
a drug that opposes inflammation
anti-inflammatory
anti/inflammatory
against/inflammation
(ANT-ee-in-FLAM-ah-tor-ee)
a drug that opposes fever
antipyretic
anti/pyre/tic
against/fever/agent
(ANT-ai-pai-RET-ik)
a device that aids in the straightening or stabilizing of a part of the body
orthotics
ortho/tics
straight/agent
(OR-THAWT-iks)
a device that is added to a body to replace a missing part or lost function
prosthesis
pros/thesis
toward/place
(praws-THEE-sis)
removal of all or part of the wrist
carpectomy
carp/ectomy
wrist/removal
(kar-PEK-toh-mee)
removal of a rib
costectomy
cost/ectomy
rib/ removal
(kaws-TEK-toh-mee)
removal of a portion of the skull
craniectomy
crani/ectomy
skull/removal
(kray-nee-EK-toh-mee)
a removal of a portion of the skull
craniotomy
cranio/tomy
skull/incision
(kray-nee-AWT-oh-mee)
the fixation of a fractured bone from the outside (i.e. using cast, splints, stabilizers )
external fixation
external fix/ation
outside fix/ procedure
(EK-stirn-al fik-SAY-shun)
the fixation of a fractured bone from the inside (i.e. using screws, pins, plates)
internal fixation
internal fix/ation
inside fix/ procedure
returning bones to their proper position without the use of surgery
closed reduction
closed re/duc/tion
closed back/lead/proceedure
(klohzd rih-DUK-shun)
returning bones to their proper position through the use of surgery
open reduction
open re/duc/tion
open back/lead/procedure
(OH-pen rih-DUK-shun)
removal of a bone in the hand
metacarpectomy
meta/carp/ectomy
after/wrist/removal
(MET-ah-kar-PEK-toh-mee)
removal of a bone
ostectomy
ost/ectomy
bone/removal
(aws-TEK-toh-mee)
removal of a bone
osteectomy
oste/ectomy
bone/removal
(aws-tee-EK-toh-mee)
the surgical breaking of a bone (often done to remedy a deformity)
osteoclasia
osteo/clasia
bone/breaking
(AWS-tee-oh-KLAY-zhee-ah)
reconstruction of a bone
osteoplasty
osteo/plasty
bone/reconstruction
(AWS-tee-oh-PLAS-tee)
incision into a bone
osteotomy
osteo/tomy
bone/incision
(AWS-tee-AWT-oh-mee)
fusing together of multiple vertebrae
spondylosyndesis
spondylo/syn/desis
vertebra/together/binding
(SPAWN-dih-loh-SIN-deh-sis)
incision into the sternum
sternotomy
sterno/tomy
sternum/ incision
(ster-NAWT-oh-mee)
removal of all or a portion of the ankle
tarsectomy
tars/ectomy
ankle/removal
(tar-SEK-toh-mee)
surgical fracture of the ankle
(i.e. to treat clubfoot)
tarsoclasia
tarso/clasia
ankle/breaking
(TAR-soh-KLAY-zhee-ah)
removal of a joint
arthrectomy
arthr/ectomy
joint/removal
(ar-THREK-toh-mee)
the therapeutic breaking of a joint to allow for increased mobility
arthroclasia
arthro / clasia
joint / breaking
AR-throh-KLAY-zhee-ah
surgical fixation of a joint
arthrodesis
arthro / desis
joining / binding
AR-throh-DEE-sis
loosening a stiff joint
arthrolysis
arthro / lysis
joint / loose
ar-THRAWL-ih-sis
reconstruction of a joint
arthroplasty
arthro / plasty
joint / reconstruction
AR-throh-PLAS-tee
incision into a joint
arthrotomy
arthro / tomy
joint / incision
ar-THRAWT-oh-mee
removal of a bursa
bursectomy
burs/ectomy
bursa/removal
bur-SEK-toh-mee
incision into a bursa
bursotomy
burso/tomy
bursa/incision
(bur-SAWT-oh-mee)
removal of cartilage
chondrectomy
chondr/ectomy
cartilage/removal
kawn-DREK-toh-mee
reconstruction of cartilage
chondroplasty
chondro/plasty
cartilage/reconstruction
KAWN-droh-PLAS-tee
removal of fascia
fasciectomy
fasci/ectomy
fascia/removal
FASH-ee-EK-toh-mee
binding of fascia
fasciodesis
fascio/desis
fascia/binding
FASH-ee-AWD-eh-sis
reconstruction of fascia
fascioplasty
fascio / plasty
fascia / reconstruction
FASH-ee-oh-PLAS-tee
suturing of fascia
fasciorrhaphy
fascio / rhaphy f
ascia / suture
fash-ee-OR-ah-fee
incision into fascia
fasciotomy
fascio / tomy
fascia / incision
fash-ee-AWT-oh-mee
removal of muscle
myectomy
my / ectomy
muscle / removal
mai-EK-toh-mee
binding of a muscle
myodesis
myo / desis
muscle / binding
mai-AWD-eh-sis
removal of a muscle tumor
myomectomy
my/om/ ectomy
muscle / tumor / removal
MAl-oh-MEK-toh-mee
muscle reconstruction
myoplasty
myo / plasty
muscle / reconstruction
mai-oh-PLAS-tee
Definition muscle suture
myorrhaphy
myo / rrhaphy
muscle / suture
mai-OR-ah-fee
incision into muscle
myotomy
myo/tomy
muscle/incision
(mai-AWT-oh-mee)
removal of a tendon
tendectomy
tend / ectomy
tendon / removal
ten-DEK-toh-mee
reconstruction of a tendon
tendoplasty
tendo / plasty
tendon / reconstruction
TEN-doh-PLAS-tee
binding of a tendon
tenodesis
teno / desis
tendon / binding
ten-AWD-eh-sis
freeing/loosening a tendon
tenolysis
teno/ lysis
tendon / loosen
ten-AWL-ih-sis
removal of a tendon
tenonectomy
tenon / ectomy
tendon / removal
TEN-oh-NEK-toh-mee
reconstruction of a tendon
tenoplasty
teno/ plasty
tendon / reconstruction
TEN-oh-PLAS-tee
suture of a tendon
tenorrhaphy
teno / rrhaphy
tendon / suture
ten-OR-ah-fee
incision into a tendon
tenotomy
teno/ tomy
tendon / incision
teh-NAWT-oh-mee
history
Hx
fracture
Fx
traction or treatment
Tx
anterior cruciate ligament
ACL
medial collateral ligament
MCL
lateral collateral ligament
LCL
posterior cruciate ligament
PCL
cervical (of the neck) vertebrae
C1-C7
thoracic (of the chest) vertebrae
T1-T12
lumbar (of the loin) vertebrae
L1-L5
sacral vertebrae
S1-S5
deep tendon reflex (this is what doctors are testing when they tap the knee with a reflex hammer)
DTR
electromyogram
EMG
full range of motion
FROM
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
NSAID
osteoarthritis
OA
open reduction internal fixation
ORIF
physical therapy
PT
rheumatoid arthritis
RA
rest, ice, compression, elevation
RICE
range of motion
ROM
weight bearing
WB
weight bearing as tolerated
WBAT