Ch 5 The Nervous System – Neurology and Psychiatry Flashcards
The nervous system serves as the body’s
communications network, coordinating data reception with appropriate reaction.
Nervous system is composed of two parts:
the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system.
The peripheral nervous system collects
data
Peripheral nervous system receives information such as
temperature, pain, light, and pressure from its surroundings
As quickly as peripheral nervous system receives input it transmits it to an
analytic center via special conduits known as nerves
The unified collection of cells in the brain and spine are known as the
central nervous system
The central nervous system processes the details and formulates a
response
Commands are directed back to the appropriate body parts via
nerves
brain and the collecting/acting nerves make up your
nervous system
The nerves that send and receive signals from the brain are collectively known as the
peripheral nervous system
Brain and Spinal Cord are called the
central nervous system
The brain has several sections
(lobes) and is divided in two halves (hemispheres)
Largest portion of your brain is the
cerebrum
Under the cerebrum is the
cerebellum (controls things like coordination of movements)
central nervous system is fragile and needs a protective membrane
meninges
central nervous systems tough outer layer is known as the
dura
root for Brain
cerebr/o , encephal/o
root for cerebellum
cerebell/o
the encephalo root comes from en(inside) and cephalus(head) and means
“the stuff inside your head”
cerbell/o is brain with a diminutive suffix that means
“little brain” (little version of the brain)
root for lobe
lob/o
root for head
cephal/o
root for head,skull
crani/o
root for meninges (membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord)
mening/o, meningi/o
root for dura (tough outer membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord)
dur/o
root for nerve
neur/o
root for nerve bundle
gangli/o
root for spinal cord, bone marrow
(innermost part)
myel/o
root for feeling, sensation
esthesi/o
root speech
phas/o
root for mind
phren/o, psych/o
root for sleep
somn/o, somn/i, hypn/o
root for know
gnosi/o
root for excessive desire
-mania
root for excessive fear or sensitivity
phobia
root for slight or partial paralysis
paresis
root for muscle tone, tension, pressure
ton/o
root for arrangement, order, coordination
tax/o
root for paralysis
plegia
root for weakness
asthenia
Patients with peripheral nervous system complaints have problems with the
signals being sent to the brain
inability to speak
aphasia
a/ phas/ ia
not/speaking/condition
lack of coordination
ataxia
a/taxia
no/coordination
condition characterized by reduced muscle tone
catatonia
cata/ton/ia
down/muscle/tone
brief loss of mental function
delirium
loss/decline in mental function
dementia
de/ment/ia
down/ mind/condition
difficulty moving
dyskinesia
dys/kinesia
bad/movement
difficulty reading
dyslexia
dys/lex/ia
bad/reading/condition
difficulty speaking
dysphasia
dys/phas/ia
bad/speaking/condition
condition characterized by involuntary muscle movements
dystonia
dys/ton/ia
bad/muscle tone/condition
inability to sleep
insomnia
in/somn/ia
not/sleeping/condition
muscle twitching
myoclonus
myo/clonus
muscle/turmoil
involuntary muscle contraction
myospasm
myo/spasm
muscle/involuntary contraction
nerve weakness
neurasthenia
neur/asthenia
nerve/weakness
sleep walking
somnambulism
somn/ambul/ism
sleep/walk/condition
fainting; losing consciousness due to temporary loss of blood flow to brain
syncope
head pain
cephalalgia
cephal/algia
head/pain
head pain
cephalodynia
cephalo/dynia
head/pain
brain pain
encephalalgia
encephal/algia
brain/pain
nerve pain
neuralgia
neur/algia
nerve/pain
nerve pain
neurodynia
neuro/dynia
nerve pain
partial paralysis on half the body
hemiparesis
hemi/paresis
half/partial paralysis
paralysis on half the body
hemiplegia
hemi/plegia
half/paralysis
partial paralysis of one limb
monoparesis
mono/paresis
one/partial paralysis
paralysis of one limb
monoplegia
mono/plegia
one/paralysis
complete loss of sensation and motor function
paralysis
partial paralysis characterized by varying degrees of sensation and motor function
paresis
painful sensation of burning
causalgia
caus/algia
burn/pain
bad feeling
dysesthesia
dys/esthesia
bad/senstation
increased sensation
hyperesthesia
hyper/esthesia
over/sensation
abnormal sensation (numbness or tingling in the skin)
paresthesia
par/esthesia
bedside/sensation
false sensation
pseudesthesia
pseud/esthesia
false/sensation
condition where one sensation is experienced as another
synesthesia
syn/esthesia
together/sensation
fear of heights
acrophobia
acro/phobia
heights/excessive fear
fear of outdoor spaces
agoraphobia
agora/phobia
marketplace/ excessive fear
fear of water
hydrophobia
hydro/phobia
water/excessive fear
desire to steal
kleptomania
klepto/mania
theft/excessive desire
excessive sensitivity to light
photophobia
light/excessive sensitivity
desire to set fire
pyromania
pyro/mania
fire/excessive desire
procedure used to examine the brain using sound waves
echoencephalography
echo/encephalo/graphy
echo/brain/writing procedure
procedure used to examine the electrical activity of the brain
electroencephalography (EEG)
electro/encephalo/graphy
electricity/brain/writing procedure
inserting a needle into the lumbar region of the spine in order to collect spinal fluid, commonly called a spinal tap
lumbar puncture
lumb/ar puncture
lower back pertaining to
procedure used to examine blood vessels in the brain
cerebral angiography
cerebr/al angio/graphy
brain/pertaining to vessel/writing procedure
procedure used to examine blood vessels
angiography
angio/graphy
vessel/writing procedure
image of the spinal cord, usually done using x-ray
myelogram
myelo/gram
spinal cord/ record
an imaging procedure that uses radiation (positrons) to produce cross sections of the brain
positron emission tomography (PET) scan
e/mission tomo/graphy
out/send cut/writing procedure
an imaging technique that produces an image of the brain using sound waves sent through the skull
transcranial Doppler sonography
trans/cranial Doppler sono/ graphy
through /skull Doppler sound/writing procedure
inflammation of the cerebellum
cerebellitis
cerebell/itis
cerbellum/inflammation
wasting away of brain tissue
cerebral atrophy
cerebr/al a/trophy
brain/pertaining to no/nourishment
inflammation of the dura
duritis
dur/itis
dura/inflammation
hernia of the brain (normally through a defect in the skull)
encephalocele
encephalo/cele
brain/hernia
a tumorlike mass made up of blood
hematoma
hemat/oma
blood/tumor
a hematoma beneath the skull
cranial hematoma
crani/al hemat/oma
skull/pertaining to bleeding/tumor
a hematoma located on top of the dura
epidural hematoma
epi/dur/al hemat/oma
upon/dura/pertaining to blood/tumor
a hematoma located inside the brain
intracerebral hematoma
intra/cerebr/al hemat/oma
inside/brain/pertaining to blood/tumor
a hematoma located beneath the dura
subdural hematoma
sub/dur/al hemat/oma
under/dura/pertaining to blood/tumor
abnormally large head
macrocephaly
macro/cephal/y
large/head/condition
abnormally small head
microcephaly
micro/cephal/y
small/head/condition
a hernia of the meninges
meningocele
meningo/cele
meninges/hernia
a hernia of the spinal cord
myelocele
myelo/cele
spinal cord/hernia
abnormal softening of the spinal cord
myelomalacia
myelo/malacia
spinal cord/softening
a hernia of the spinal cord and the meninges
myelomeningocele
myelo/meningo/cele
spinal cord/meninges/hernia
nerve inflammation
neuritis
neur/itis
nerve/inflammation
a nerve tumor
neuroma
neur/oma
nerve/tumor
hardening of nerves
neurosclerosis
neuro/scler/osis
nerve/hardening/condition
inflammation of multiple nerves
polyneuritis
poly/neur/itis
many/nerve/inflammation
inability to comprehend
agnosia
a/gnos/ia
not/knowledge/condition
lack of emotion
apathy
a/path/y
no/suffering/condition
increase in muscle movement or activity
hyperkinesia
hyper/kinesia
over/movement
nerve weakness
neurasthenia
neur/asthenia
nerve weakness
deficiency of sugar that interferes with normal brain activity
neuroglycopenia
neuro/glyco/penia
nerve/sugar/deficiency
involuntary back and forth eye movements
nystagmus
inability to recognize faces
prosopagnosia
prosop/a/gnos/ia
face/no/knowledge/condition
doctor who specializes in anesthesiology
anesthesiologist
an/esthesio/logist
no/sensation/specialist
a nerve that carries impulses toward the central nervous system
afferent nerve
af/ferent nerve
toward/carry
a nerve that carries impulses away from the central nervous system
efferent nerve
ef/ferent nerve
away/carry
originating from/created by nerves
neurogenic
neuro/gen/ic
nerve/creation/pertaining to
doctor who specializes in the treatment of the mind
psychiatrist
psych/iatrist
mind/specialist
branch of medicine that focuses on the treatment of the mind
psychiatry
psych/iatry
mind/specialty
originating in/created by the mind
psychogenic
psycho/gen/ic
mind/creation/pertaining to
doctor who specializes in the study of the mind
psychologist
psycho/logist
mind/specialist
branch of medicine that focuses on the study of the mind
psychology
psycho/logy
mind/study
pertaining to the relationship between the body and the mind
psychosomatic
psycho/somat/ic
mind/body/pertaining to
having no known cause or origin
idiopathic
idio/path/ic
private/disease/pertaining to
time between seizures
interictal
inter/ictal
between/seizure
time after a seizure
postictal
post/ictal
after/seizure
time before a seizure
preictal
pre/ictal
before/seizure
pertaining to muscle tone (normally weak or unresponsive )
tonic
ton/ic
tone/pertaining to
muscle spasm or twitching
clonus
a seizure characterized by both a tonic and a clonic phase
tonic-clonic seizure
ton/ ic clon/ic
muscle/pertaining to spasm/pertaining to
an accident involving the blood vessels of the brain
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
cerebro/vascul/ar
brain/blood vessel/ pertaining to
loss of brain function caused by interruption of blood flow/supply to the brain
stroke
a stroke where the blood loss is caused by the rupture of a blood vessel
hemorrhagic stroke
hemo/rrhag/ic
blood/excessive bleeding/pertaining to
a stroke where the blood loss is caused by a blockage
ischemic
isch/em/ic
hold back/ blood/pertaining to
a “mini-stroke” caused by the blockage of a blood vessel, which resolves (goes away) within 24 hours
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
trans/ient isch/ em/ ic
across/go hold back/blood/pertaining to
a disease of the blood vessels of the brain
cerebrovascular disease
cerebro/vascul/ar
brain/blood vessel/pertaining to
the widening or abnormal dilation of a blood vessel in the brain
cerebral aneurysm
cerebr/al an/eury/sm
brain/pertaining to out/wide/ condition
the hardening of an artery in the brain
cerebral arteriosclerosis
cerebr/al arterio/scler/osis
brain/pertaining to artery/hardening/condition
the hardening of an artery in the brain caused by the buildup of fatty plaque
cerebral atherosclerosis
cerebr/al athero/scler/osis
brain/pertaining to fatty/hardening/condition
the blockage of a blood vessel in the brain caused by a foreign object (embolus) such as fat or bacteria
cerebral embolism
cerebr/al embol/ ism
brain/pertaining to stopper/condition
the blockage of a blood vessel in the brain caused by a blood clot
cerebral thrombosis
cerebr/al thromb/osis
brain/pertaining to clot/condition
abnormal softening of the skull
craniomalacia
cranio/malacia
skull/softening
abnormal hardening of the skull
craniosclerosis
cranio/scler/osis
skull/hardening/condition
abnormal narrowing of the skull
craniostenosis
cranio/sten/osis
skull/narrow/condition
premature fusing of the skull bones
craniosynostosis
cranio/syn/ost/osis
skull/together/bone/condition
abnormal accumulation of spinal fluid in the brain
hydrocephaly
hydro/cephal/y
water/head/condition
a tumor arising from astrocyte glial cells
astrocytoma
astro/cyt/oma
star/cell/tumor
ganglion tumor
ganglioma
ganglion/tumor
a brain tumor arising from glioblast cells
giloblastoma
gilo/blast/oma
glue/sprout/tumor
tumor of the meninges
meningioma
meningi/oma
meninges/tumor
inflammation of the cerebellum
cerebellitis
cerebell/itis
cerebellum/inflammation
inflammation of the brain and meninges
cerebromeningitis
cerebro/mening/itis
brain/meninges/inflammation
inflammation of the brain
encephalitis
encephal/itis
brain/inflammation
inflammation of the brain and spinal cord
encephalomyelitis
encephalo/myel/itis
brain/spinal cord/inflammation
disease of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
encephalomyeloneuropathy
encephalo/myelo/neuro/pathy
brain/spinal cord/nerve/disease
disease of the brain
encephalopathy
encephalo/pathy
brain/disease
a pus-filled abscess in the brain
encephalopyosis
encephalo/py/osis
brain/pus/condition
inflammation of a ganglion
gangliitis
gangli/itis
ganglion inflammation
excessive bleeding inside the brain
intracerebral hemorrhage
intra/cerebr/al hemo/rrhage
inside/brain/pertaining to blood/excessive bleeding
disease of the meninges
meningopathy
meningo/pathy
meninges/disease
inflammation of the meninges
meningitis
mening/itis
meninges/inflammation
inflammation of the meninges and brain
meningoencephalitis
meningo/encephal/itis
meninges/brain/inflammation
inflammation of the spinal cord
myelitis
myel/itis
spinal cord/inflammation
defective formation of the spinal cord
myelodysplasia
myelo/dys/plas/is
spinal cord/bad/formation/condition
disease of the spinal cord
myelopathy
myelo/pathy
spinal cord/ disease
disease of the joint associated with nerves
neuroarthropathy
neuro/arthro/pathy
nerve/joint/disease
disease of the nerves, brain, and spinal cord
neuroencephalomyelopathy
neuro/encephalo/myelo/pathy
nerve/brain/spinal cord/ disease
disease of the nervous system
neuropathy
neuro/pathy
nerve/disease
inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord
poliomyelitis
polio/myel/itis
gray/spinal cord/inflammation
disease affecting multiple nerves
polyneuropathy
poly/neuro/pathy
many/nerve/disease
a degenerative disease of the central nervous system causing loss of muscle control. Hardening of nerve cells on the sides of the spine leading to the loss of muscle tissue from dis use
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
a/myo/troph/ic lateral scler/osis
not/muscle/nourishment/pertaining to side hardening/ condition
an eating disorder characterized by the patient’s restricting food or refusing to eat
anorexia
an/orex/ia
no/appetite/condition
a psychiatric disorder characterized by difficulties in social communication and interaction, as well as repetitive and/or restrictive patterns of behavior or interests. The term originated in the mistaken idea that the patient was focused only on the self
autism
aut/ism
self/condition
an eating disorder characterized by overeating and usually followed by forced purging or getting rid of food (e.g. forced vomiting)
bulimia
bu/lim/ia
ox/hunger/condition
paralysis caused by damage to the area of the brain responsible for movement
cerebral palsy
cerebr/al palsy
brain/pertaining to paralysis
a negative emotional state
dysphoria
dys/phor/ia
bad/carry/condition
a disease marked by seizures
epilepsy
epi/lepsy
upon/seize
a positive emotional state
euphoria
eu/phor/ia
good/carry/condition
a mental state just below mania
hypomania
hypo/mania
over/excessive anger
a psychiatric disorder characterized by alternating bouts of excitement and depression
manic depression (bipolar disorder)
excitement /depression
muscle weakness
myasthenia
my/asthenia
muscle/weakness
a disease characterized by sudden, uncontrolled sleepiness
narcolepsy
narco/lepsy
sleep/seize
a mental illness
psychopathy
psycho/pathy
mind/disease
a mental illness characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and disordered speech
schizophrenia
schizo/phren/ia
divide/mind/condition
a nerve condition
neurosis
neur/osis
nerve/ condition
a mind condition
psychosis
psycho/osis
mind/condition
a drug that causes loss of sensation
anesthetic
an/esthetic
not/sensation
anesthetic that causes complete loss of consciousness
general anesthetic
anesthetic that does not affect consciousness
local anesthetic
anesthetic that is injected into a nerve causing loss of sensation over a particular area
regional anesthetic
local anesthesia applied to the surface of the area to be anesthetized
topical anesthetic
anesthetic applied in the dural region of the spinal cord
epidural anesthetic
a drug that relieves pain
analgesic
an/alge/sic
not/pain/agent
a drug that opposes convulsions
anticonvulsant
anti/convuls/ant
against/ convulsion/agent
a drug that opposes depression
antidepressant
anti/depress/ant
against/depression/agent
a drug that opposes psychoses
antipsychotic
anti/psycho/tic
against/psychosis/agent
a drug that lessens anxiety
anxiolytic
anxio/lytic
anxiety/breakdown agent
a drug that aids sleep
hypnotic
hypno/tic
sleep/agent
the study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system
neuropharmacology
neuro/pharmaco/logy
nerve/drug/study
the study of the effects of drugs on mental process
psychopharmacology
psycho/pharmaco/logy
mind/drug/study
drugs that are able to turn the mind
psychotropic
psycho/trop/ic
mind/turn/agent
a drug that dissolves clots
thrombolytic
thrombo/lytic
clot/breakdown agent
incision into the brain
cerebrotomy
cerebro/tomy
brain/incision
treatment using chemicals
chemotherapy
chemo/therapy
chemical/treatment
removal of a piece of the skull
craniectomy
crani/ectomy
skull/removal
incision into the skull
craniotomy
cranio/tomy
skull/incision
removal of the inside of an artery
endarterectomy
end/arter/ectomy
inside/artery/removal
surgery on the nervous system performed by entering the body through blood vessels
endovascular neurosurgery
endo/vascul/ar neuro/surgery
inside/ vessel/pertaining to nerve/surgery
removal of a lobe
lobectomy
lob/ectomy
lobe/ removal
incision into a lobe
lobotomy
lobo/tomy
lobe/incision
removal of a nerve
neurectomy
neur/ectomy
nerve/removal
destruction of nerve tissue
neurolysis
neuro/lysis
nerve/loose
reconstruction of a nerve
neuroplasty
neuro/plasty
nerve/reconstruction
suturing of a nerve (often the severed ends of a nerve)
neurorrhaphy
neuro/rrhaphy
nerve/suture
incision into a nerve
neurotomy
neuro/tomy
nerve/incision
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
ADHD
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s disease)
ALS
central nervous system
CNS
cerebral palsy
CP
cerebrospinal fluid
CSF
cerebrovascular accident
CVA
electroencephalogram
EEG
electromyogram
EMG
intracranial pressure
ICP
level of consciousness
LOC
lumbar puncture
LP
magnetic resonance angiography
MRA
multiple sclerosis
MS
obsessive compulsive disorder
OCD
positron emission tomography
PET
peripheral nervous system
PNS
transient ischemic attack
TIA