Chapter 4 The Musculoskeletal System— Orthopedics Flashcards
moves you and allows you to
move objects.
The musculoskeletal system
The musculoskeletal system
-The skeleton supports the load
-Muscles provide the power to
move you and objects, both
small and large.
Most bones start as
cartilage
When blood enters the cartilage,
it promotes
the change of cartilage to bone.
The blood vessels cause the middle of the
bone
to hollow out.
An area of cartilage remains
near the ends of
the bones.
Epiphyseal plate
(growth plate)
-This allows the bone to continue to grow
lengthwise.
-The epiphyseal plate turns to bone at the end of puberty
Epiphyseal plate (growth plate)
Areas of long
bones
- Epiphysis –
ends of bones - Diaphysis –
middle of bone;
also called shaft - Metaphysis –
neck; connects
the diaphysis
with the
epiphysis
Each bone has three
main layers:
- Periosteum: The
periosteum is a tough
membrane that covers
and protects the outside
of the bone. - Compact bone: Below
the periosteum,
compact bone is white,
hard, and smooth. … - Spongy bone: The
core, inner layer of the
bone is softer than
compact bone.
framework for your body
Skeleton
The five parts of your
axial skeleton
-skull
ribs,
Axial (center)
Skeleton – framework for your body
-Axial (center) - The five parts of your
axial skeleton
- Appendicular
Axial skeleton
-Skull
- Spine
-The spine is made up of vertebrae.
- Vertebral sections include the 7
cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, and
1 sacral.
- Sternum = 3 parts
- Ribs = 24 (most people)
- Sternum = 3 parts
- Sacrum & coccyx = important weight
bearing
Appendicular skeleton
Upper extremities:
-Arms (3 bones)
- Wrists (8bones)
- Hands (19 bones)
Lower extremities:
- Legs (3 bones)
- Ankles (7 bones)
- Feet
bone
Oste/o
cranium Head, skull (not brain)
Crani/o
(Head)
Cephal/o
(neck)
Cervic/o
vertebrae
Spondyl/o
lumbar; lower back
Lumb/o
arm
Brachi/o
finger
Dactyl/o
wrist
Carp/o
rib
Cost/o
femur
Femor/o
tibia
Tibi/o
ankle
Tars/o
Where two bones meet
Joints (6 different kinds of joints)
Most joints allow
movement
between the bones.
Joint movements
▶Flexion and extension
▶ Adduction and abduction (Horizontal AB/AD)
▶ Circumduction, Pronation, supination
▶ Radial/Ulnar deviation Plantar/Dorsi Flexion
Joints are held together by supportive
tissues
bone to bone
Ligaments
muscle to bone
Tendons
Joints can have supportive
structures
surrounds bones at joints and facilitates smooth movement
Cartilage
sac of fluid under the tendons
Bursae
isolates and covers the
entire joint.
Joint Capsule
a rim of soft tissue or fibrous cartilage that surrounds the socket of a ball and socket joint to make it more stable
Labrum
cartilage
Chondr/o
joint
Arthr/o
bursa reduces friction
Burs/o
Muscles
▶Collection of bundles of muscle fibers
▶ Covered by fascia
- Thick membrane covering muscle
▶ Attached to bones via tendons
▶ Function is to move the bones
Several types of muscle:
▶ Skeletal/striated
§ voluntary
▶ Cardiac
§ involuntary
▶ Smooth-internal
tendon
Ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
muscle
Muscul/o, my/o, myos/o
bind muscles together
Fasci/o
Motion
-Muscles allow you to move.
-Create and maintain posture by having a constant pressure or tone
-The nervous system sends signals to
the muscle to contract (move or create tone).
-Disorders of movement:
-paresis = partial paralysis
-plegia = complete paralysis
(movement)
Kinesi/o
(tone or pressure)
Ton/o
(order, and/or coordination)
Tax/o
partial paralysis
paresis
complete paralysis
plegia
tone; tension
Ton/o
movement
Kinesi/o, kinet/o
coordination
Tax/o
stiff
Ankyl/o
the most common musculoskeletal
complaint.
Pain
Patient may notice a change in
muscle
appearance.
Changes in joints:
▶ Ankylosis
▶ Crepitus
Changes in muscle tone:
▶ Hypotonia
▶ Hypertonia
Changes in coordination, movement, or twitches:
▶ Dystaxia, ataxia
▶ Dyskinesia, bradykinesia
▶ Mysospasms
General bone pain
▶ Ostalgia, ostealgia, osteodynia
Specific bone pain:
▶ Costalgia
▶ Metatarsalgia
▶ Spondylodynia
▶ Tibialgia
Conditions of painful joints:
▶ Arthralgia
▶ Arthrodynia
▶ Cervicodynia
Conditions of abnormal knees:
▶ Genu valgum
▶ Genu varum
▶ Genu recurvatum
▶ Arthrogryposis
▶ Intercondylar notch (notch
width index [NWI])
Conditions of abnormal movement:
▶ Bradykinesia
▶ Dyskinesia
▶ Hypokinesia
▶ Hyperkinesia
Conditions of abnormal tone:
▶ Dystonia
▶ Hypertonia
▶ Hypotonia
Miscellaneous problems of muscles:
▶Graphospasm=writers’ cramp
▶ Myospasm
▶ Myoplasia
▶ Myalgia, myodynia
▶ Tenalgia
▶ Myasthenia
Terms are associated with inflammation, injury, and
congenital anomalies of:
▶ Bones (Ottawa rules)
▶ Joints
▶ Muscles
Diagnostic procedure for bones
▶ Observation (limp, pain from pressure)
▶ Ottawa Rules
Radiologic tests
▶ X-ray
▶ computed axial tomography (CAT or CT scan)
▶ MRI
Assessments can be related to:
▶ Bones
▶ Joints
▶ Muscles
