Chapter 4 Test Flashcards
Conservatism
- The belief of sticking to tradition
- Against drastic change
Liberalism
- The belief that people should have more of a voice in the government
- More equality, rights, freedoms
- Change
Nationalism
-The belief that common culture, history, language, should be contained in one common nation
Socialism
The belief that production, distribution, and exchange should be regulated by the government as a whole to help the working classes
Bourgeois
Middle class, the oppressors, the haves
Proletariat
Working class, the oppressed, the have nots
Adam Smith
- Wrote “The Wealth of Nations”
- Considered father of Laissez-faire Capitalism
- Believed government shouldn’t intervene with the industrial revolution–should just let it happen
- Believes individuals operate best in the market when they are free to pursue their own interests–market operates best
- Supply and demand will always lead to a balanced equilibrium
- Profits and wages are determined by supply and demand
- Profit is the motive
Thomas Malthus
- Discovered human population will always grow to meet and exceed food supply
- Disease, famine, and war bring human population into balance
- Advocates family planning–encourage fewer children
- Believed government shouldn’t intervene with the industrial revolution–should just let it happen
David Ricardo
-Believed government shouldn’t intervene with the industrial revolution–should just let it happen
-Iron Law of Wages: because the poor are reproducing faster than available jobs, wages will always be low for unskilled jobs, which are the jobs the poor seem to be taking
-Advocates forced family planning–poor people
Sterilization, forced birth control
Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill
- Ulitarianism
- Advocate that laws should only be made if they benefit a majority of people and have practical utility
- Support female equality and abolition of slavery
Robert Owen
- Utopian
- Believes wealthy industrialists should assist and help the working classes directly
- Creates a perfect factory community for his workers
- Cheap housing, free medical care, free day care, cheap entertainment, schools, etc.
Charles Fourier
- Socialist
- Argues the government should regulate or control the factors of (which is land, labour, capital) in order to assist and help the working class
- Pass regulations, tax business, minimum wages, laws about health/sanitation/work hours
Karl Marx
-Wrote the Communist Manifesto in 1848 with Friedrich Engels
Friedrich Engels
-Wrote the Communist Manifesto in 1848 with Karl Marx
Laissez-faire Capitalism
-The idea that the government shouldn’t get itself involved with the industrial revolution
Universal Suffrage
The right of all men to vote in the election
Radical
Relating to a political group associated with views, practices, and policies of extreme change
Camillo di Cavour
- Named Prime Minister of Piedmont in 1852
- Wanted unification for Italy
- Pursued a policy of economic growth to equip his large army
Militarism
The reliance on military strength
Giuseppe Garibaldi
- Became a military leader starting in Southern Italy
- Wanted unification for Italy
- Raised an army of over 1,000 volunteers
- Marched army up Italian Peninsula
- Turned all conquests over to Cavour for the unification of Italy
Otto von Bismarck
- Was appointed Prime Minister of Prussia by King of Prussia William I in 1860s
- Seen as practitioner of realpolitik
- Ignored legislative opposition to military reforms
- Governed Prussia without parliament’s approval
- 1864: Under Bismarck, Prussia defeated Denmark
- 1866: Under Bismarck, Prussia defeated Austria
- Was known for making allies turn against him do to his incessant nagging leading the allies to get annoyed and declare on Prussia
Kaiser
German for caesar or emperor
Crimean War
- Russia wanted to expand power to power to the Balkans in Ottoman territory
- Would allow Russia to sail through the straits between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, known as the Dardanelles
- Would allow Russia to have major control and challenge the British Navy
- Once Russia invaded Turkish Balkan (1853), Ottomans declared war on Russia, then the British and French declared war on Russia
- Austria and Prussia did not get involved
- In 1856 they signed the peace treaty
Realpolitik
The “politics of reality”
Caudillos
A strong leader who ruled chiefly by military force usually with the support of the landed elite
François-Dominique Toussaint-Louverture
- Led more than 100,000 enslaved people to revolt
- Seized control of all of Hispaniola
- Led to Western Hispaniola (now Haiti) to become the first independent state in Latin America in 1804
Miguel Hidalgo
- A parish priest from a small town about 100 miles from Mexico City
- Led a Mexican revolt in 1810
- His army of thousands was crushed and he was sentenced to death
- The revolt frightened peninsulares and creoles
Jose de San Martin
- Argentine political leader
- Attacked Spanish in Chile in 1817
- Defeated the Spanish
- Known as the Battle of Chacabuco
- Chile declared its independence in 1818
- Banded forces with Simon Bolivar in 1824 to liberate Peru
Peninsulares:
Spanish and Portuguese officials who resided temporarily in Latin America for political and economic gain and then returned to their homeland
Creoles
Descendants of Europeans who had permanently settled in Latin America
Mestizos
A person of mixed European and Native American descent
Simón Bolívar
- Venezuelan military and political leader
- Gained independence for Venezuela in 1810
- Formed Gran Colombia with Colombia and Ecuador in 1819
Romanticism
1800-1850
- An art form that revolted against established values (social order and religion)
- Reacted against logic, reason, and industrialization
- Exalted individualism, subjectivism, irrationalism, imagination, nature
- Emotion over reason and senses over intellect
Realism
1850-1900 (roughly)
- Realistic portrayal of life as it really was
- Reaction to the excesses of the romantic movement and the defeats in the Revolutions of 1848
- Often stark, harsh, and mundane in subject matter
Impressionism
1880-1920
- General impression produced by a scene or object
- Use of unmixed primary colors and small strokes to simulate actual reflected light
- Capture the overall essence without the specific detail
- Details are often blurred and hard to define
Utilitarianism
The belief that laws should be made only if they benefit a majority of people and have a practical unity
Communism
- The exploration of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie will eventually lead them to violently overthrow the system
- Then, the proletariat will establish a society based on equality where there is no hierarchy or poverty or crime or war, no racism, nation, sexism
- All history is economic
- History has been a history of the struggle between the oppressors and the oppressed
- Industrial revolution has intensified the class struggles because the labour of the work is what generates profits for factory owners
Utopian
Believes wealthy industrials should assist and help the working classes directly
Industrial Revolution
A period of time starting in England in the 1760s and spreading throughout Europe and the United States where human or animal-driven agricultural and industry was replaced by machines
Manufacture
making objects on a large skill using machinery
Industry
the manufacturing and processing of goods in factories
Factory
a building where goods are manufactured
Factors for Industrialization
- A large and cheap work force
- Highly productive agriculture–excess food
- Access to lots of raw materials
- Access to money from banks and investors
- Centers of science and learning (education/schools)
- Access to markets to sell your manufactured products
- Incentives for innovations and inventions (rewards)
- Government that supports industrialization
- Freedom from outside interference
Assembly line
A series of workers and machines in a factory by which a succession of identical items is progressively assembled
Mass production
Refers to the process of creating large numbers of similar products efficiently
What were the reasons England industrialized first? Why did other nations NOT industrialize?
- Had a stable enough economy that could support the changes
- A “ruler” that backed industrialization
- A high enough demand for new materials
- People wanted to make money for their inventions
- People wanted to work
Countries that did not industrialized
- China
- Monarchy didn’t support expansion
- Thought their materials were enough and didn’t need an outside influence
- Didn’t have surplus food
What new technologies and inventions helped move industrialization forward?
- Steam engine and ships
- Steel
- Electricity and Heating
- Internal Combustion Engine
- Assembly line
What effects did industrialization have on the economy? On society? On politics? On education? On the rest of the globe?
- Economy: was great for the economy because it heightened trade and increased the supply and demand of the country
- Society: allowed working classes to get jobs giving them greater income
- Politics: introduced political views
- Education: allowed everyone working a job to get educated allowing them to do that job
- World: heightened trade thanks to steamships, therefore countries could have materials from anywhere
What was life like for the various classes of society during industrialization?
- Upper: became wealthy from owning factories and industries
- Middle: worked or owned factories
- Lower/working: worked in the factories and were able to earn a steady income
How did the major art movements of the 18th and 19th centuries reflect what was going on in Europe?
- Romanticism: had a story behind the picture; revolted against established values; showed individualism
- Realism: showed the real life occurrences after/during industrialization in all different classes; no story behind the pictures; very cut and dry
- Impressionism: small brush strokes using primary colors; little to no detail
Why did the revolutions of the early 19th century fail?
No government/economic support
Not enough support from the people
-Lower classes were busy dying from famine and disease
Why did the Latin American revolutions fail?
Because their economy relied too heavily on Great Britain
-Trading goods and such
How did Italy and Germany each become nations?
- Italy: Giuseppe Garibaldi turned his Italian conquests over to Camillo di Cavour and thus led to the unification of Italy
- Germany: Otto von Bismarck and the Prussian army achieved German unity after capturing the entire French army and Napoleon III
Napoleon III
President of France during the 19th century
