Chapter 3 Terms Flashcards
Louis XVI:
- King of France
- got a lot of debt for France during the French Revolution
- very easily persuaded
- didn’t know what he was doing
- attempted to flee France when everything was going wrong because he was loosing so much power
- was executed for leaving France
Jean-Paul Marat:
- angry newspaper writer who declares people to be executed
- killed by Charlotte Corday in a bathtub
Charlotte Corday:
- killed Marat
- peasant from outside of Paris who thinks the revolution has gone too far but then killed Marat thinking it would stop the violence
Marie Antoinette:
- wife of Louis XVI
- Austrian Empress’ daughter
- everyone hated her during the Revolution because she spent money she didn’t have to lead a lavish lifestyle whilst the people of France were living and dying in poverty
- was executed with her husband
George Danton:
- was an ally of Robespierre
- led the commune
- pressured the National Convention to adopt more radical measures
- appeals to the working class
- was a Jacobin
- argues that the revolution was over and Robespierre denied him (killed him)
Olympe de Gouges:
- part of the Noble class
- helped write the declaration of the rights of man, then wrote the declaration of the rights of women herself
- put to death during the Reign of Terror
Maximilien Robespierre:
- head of the Committee of Public safety
- was the enforcer and creator of the Reign of Terror
- called for the execution of 40,000 people
- gains incredible amounts of power from the Reign of Terror
- is voted out of power after giving the “Speech of Threats” a list of people who were said by him to be threats to France, but he refused to give the list to the public
- is guillotined
Napoleon Bonaparte:
- Was a “child of the Revolution”
- Over threw the Directory in 1799 to gain power in France, ending the French Revolution
- Made peace with the Catholic Church
- Was an extremely successful military leader
- Used speed, surprise, and decisive action to win battles
- Soldiers in his army gained positions by showing ability
- Made himself consul for life in 1802 then emperor
- Set up an absolute empire once he took power
Prince Klemen von Metternich:
- conservative
- the foreign minister of Austria
- led the congress of Vienna
- distrusted the ideals of the French Revolution
- wants to go back to before the Revolution
Girondins:
wants balanced power between government and king
Jacobins:
radicals, they want equal rights and no king
Royalists:
those who want the king to be all powerful
The Estates-General:
the representatives from the three estates; the clergy (1st about 150 representatives), the nobility (2nd about 150 representatives), and the commoners (3rd about 600 representatives)
National Assembly/ Tennis Court Oath:
when Louis XVI called a meeting of the Estates-General and the 3rd estate broke off wanting a constitutional government
-3rd estate were forced to go to a tennis court to make their constitution but vowed they wouldn’t leave until it was created, thus it became known as the Tennis Court Oath
National Convention:
an assembly created by the government that met to draft a new constitution
Committee of Public Safety:
a committee of 12 people including Robespierre formed by the National Convention to help control the people of France
Guillotine:
form of execution in France in the 1700s
Sans-culottes:
- another name for the Jacobins
- literally means “those without breeches”
Metternich’s Goals at the Congress of Vienna:
- wanted to prevent future French aggression by surrounding France with strong countries
- wanted to restore balance of power so no country would be a threat to others
- wanted to restore Europe’s royal families to the thrones they had before Napoleon took over
- was successful in achieving all of these
Liberalism:
- the belief that people should have more of a voice concerning government affairs
- more rights
- more political power
- more equality
Conservatism:
-holding to traditional attitudes and values and cautious about change or innovation, typically in relation to politics or religion
Nationalism:
- the belief that people sharing a common culture should be united to their own independent nation
- people who share a common culture, common language, and common history, should share a common political nation
Reign of Terror:
- Led by Robespierre
- Had control of the government in 1793 and 1794
- Almost 40,000 were killed under the reign of terror
De-Christianization:
during the Reign of Terror, Robespierre closed all churches in an effort to de-Christianize France
Concordat:
- the agreement between Napoleon and the church
- Napoleon would reopen churches as long as the churches didn’t ask for the land back that they had before the revolution
The Directory:
- committee of 5 chosen by the council of elders
- lasted from 1795-1799
- known for corruption
- relied on military for protection from people
- was overthrown in 1799 by Napoleon Bonaparte
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity!:
ideals of the French Revolution
Bourgeoisie:
the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people
Causes for the French Revolution:
-the enlightenment
-financial instability caused by the 7 Years War, lots of debt
-condition of society, mass poverty (92%)
-increase in population
-Louis XVI
-French soldiers that fought in the American Revolution bringing ideas back to French commoners
-a series of bad harvests causing food prices to sky rocket
Massive inequality in French society, big gap between wealthy and everyone else
Coup d’etat:
(1799) the name of the campaign where Napoleon overthrew the Directory
