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World History II-Snyder > Chapter 2 Test > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Test Flashcards

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1
Q

Scientific Method

A

A systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence that was crucial to the evolution of science in the modern world

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2
Q

Johannes Kepler

A

-Took Brahe’s data and created the laws of Planetary Motion (planets orbit in elliptical patterns)

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3
Q

Galileo Galilei

A
  • “The Starry Messenger”

- confirmed Heliocentric Theory and other things: Moon with craters, sunspots, Jupiter’s moons

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4
Q

Rene Descartes and Francis Bacon

A

“Fathers” of Scientific Method

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5
Q

Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)

A
  • became professor of surgery at the University of Padua in 1536
  • personally dissected a body (was the first to)
  • wrote “On the Fabric of the Human Body” in 1543
  • proved Galen’s blood origins theory wrong by saying blood didn’t come from the liver, but the heart
  • believed in Galen’s 2 blood systems theory
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6
Q

Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)

A
  • argued punishments should serve as deterrents, not brutality
  • argued execution didn’t dissuade criminals, long imprisonments
    • prisoners should be rehabilitated while in prison
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7
Q

Robert Boyle (1627-1691)

A
  • his work led to Boyles law
  • didn’t believe that all matter consisted of the same components
  • first to do controlled experiments and gas
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8
Q

Margaret Cavendish (1623-1673)

A
  • born into aristocracy
  • participated in scientific debates
  • not a member of the Royal Society
  • was very blunt and honest in her books
  • duchess of new castle
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9
Q

John Locke (1632-1704)

A
  • wrote “Second Treatise of Civil Government”
  • argued that by forming government that the people will accept they have to agree with each other
    • if you want freedom you have to have to power to enforce it
  • of government takes away the rights of the people they have the right to revolt and form a new government
  • believed the tabula rasa(blank slate) which meant that everyone was born a blank slate and could make themselves what they wanted
  • citizenship if reserved only for people who own property
    • not women or peasants
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10
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)

A
  • co-wrote “Vindication of the Rights of Man”
  • wrote “Vindication of the Rights of Women”
  • Mary Wollstonecraft was a big advocate for women’s rights
  • first political feminist
  • argued against Rousseau that women weren’t just there to please men but also had their own ideas
  • women should have equal access to education and political rights
  • died during childbirth
  • mother of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley: author of Frankenstein
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11
Q

Jean-Jasques Rosseau (1712-1778)

A
  • wrote “The Social Contract” and “Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind”
  • stressed individual freedom
  • believed people give up their rights in return for protection from the government (social contract between government and people)
  • believed in rule of the men
  • first to popularize the concept of democratic rule
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12
Q

Voltaire (1694-1778)

A
  • wrote “Candide”
  • glorified science and reason
  • made fun of religion
  • believed humans were “rarely worthy to govern themselves” and were not equal to each other
  • believed the best government was a good and “enlightened” monarch or ruler, not rule by people of upper class
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13
Q

Absolute Monarchy/Absolutism

A

one ruler that has complete control over everything, often from nobility

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14
Q

Louis XIV

A

expanded for France

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15
Q

Divine Right

A

the belief that the king gets his power directly from God and not his subjects

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16
Q

Geocentric

A

earth-centered; a system of planetary motion in which the sun, moon, and other planets revolve around the Earth

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17
Q

Nicolaus Copernicus

A

on the revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, Heliocentric Theory

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18
Q

Tycho Brahe

A
  • observed movements and positions of stars for over 20 years
  • literally sat and stared at the stars 20 years
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19
Q

Isaac Newton

A

Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, the Law of Universal Gravitation

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20
Q

Galen

A
  • the original “medical scientist”
  • lived in 2nd century CE
  • based human anatomy off of animal dissection
  • believed there were 2 blood systems in the human body, one that controlled muscular functions and the other, digestive functions
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21
Q

William Harvey (1578-1657)

A
  • wrote “On the Motion of the Heart and Blood”
  • proved Galen’s two blood systems theory wrong by showing that blood moves in a circuit through the body
  • wasn’t really recognized until 1660s with the discovery of capillaries
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22
Q

Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794)

A
  • invented system of naming chemical elements
  • thought by many to be founder of modern chemistry
  • wife, Marie-Anne played a big part in helping him
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23
Q

Maria Winkelmann (1670-1720)

A
  • educated by family and local astronomer
  • married Gottfried Kiren, Germany’s foremost astronomer
    • became his assistant at observatory in Berlin
      • when her husband died she was denied for assistant position at the same observitory
24
Q

Baron du Montesquieu (1689-1778)

A
  • wrote “The Spirit of Laws”
  • believed that by dividing political and legal power among groups with unequal rights and privileged deposition and tyranny could be avoided
    • to prevent one person from having all the power (absolutism)
  • believed a strong and independent upper class was necessary in preventing an abusive power by monarch or leader
25
Q

Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d’Alembert

A
  • believed it was possible to put all human knowledge into books and that they would be free for all to access
    • encyclopedia
  • typically exalted science and industry and questioned religion and moral issues
26
Q

Peasants v.s. Serfs

A
  • serfs: bound to the owner of the land they farmed

- peasants: were free to own and farm their own lands

27
Q

Tithes

A

an amount of money that a person gives to a church which is usually equal to 1/10 of that person’s income

28
Q

Urban

A

in, relating to, or characteristic of a city or town.

29
Q

Rural

A

of or relating to the country and the people who live there instead of the city

30
Q

Nobility

A

the group of people who are members of the highest social class, had to be born into the nobility, 2%-3% of European population

31
Q

Aristocrats

A

the highest social class in some countries, who typically owned land, and traditionally have more money and power than the other people in a society

32
Q

Rentiers

A

a person who lives on income from property or securities

33
Q

Birth rate/Death rate

A
  • the number of live births per thousand of population per year/the ratio of deaths to the population of a particular area during a particular period of time, usually calculated as the number of deaths per one thousand people per year
  • peasant death rate was higher than aristocracy death rate
34
Q

Ptolemy

A

-the second century geographer and astronomer Ptolemy of Alexandria and especially to his belief that the earth is at the center of the universe with the sun, moon, and planets revolving around it (the Ptolemaic system)

35
Q

Main Ideas of the Enlightenment

A
  • religious freedom
  • freedom of expression
  • opposition to Absolutism (best: enlightened kings)
  • government should not interfere with business
  • education for all men (not women, they aren’t equal)
  • humane treatment of people
  • different opinions of perfect government
36
Q

Effect of the Enlightenment

A
  • greatly affected perspectives and attitudes of urban middle class and some aristocracy
  • had little appeal for peasants and lower class
  • challenged notion of absolute monarchy
37
Q

Religion in the Enlightenment

A
  • most remained Christian
  • people sought deeper devotion to god
    • led to new religious movements
      • Methodism, led by John Wesley, Anglican minister
38
Q

John Wesley

A
  • led Methodism movement
  • was an Anglican minister
  • preached 2-3 times a day
  • became a missionary
  • his sermons caused conversions to Christianity
    • influenced the abolition of slave trade in the early 1800s
  • after his death, Methodism became a separate protestant group
39
Q

Social Contract

A

-concept that an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will and all individuals should be forced to abide by it since it represents what is best for the entire community

40
Q

Puritans

A

-English Protestants who believed that the Church of England needed further reform and sought to simplify and regulate forms of worship

41
Q

Cavaliers

A

-supporters of King Charles I in the English Civil War

42
Q

Roundheads

A

-supporters of Parliament in the English Civil War

43
Q

English Revolution

A

-a war between the King of England and parliament to decide which should govern England

44
Q

English Revolution

A
  • a war between the King of England and parliament to decide which should govern England
  • took another revolution to resolve
45
Q

Tudor Dynasty

A

ended in 1603 with the death of Queen Elizabeth I

46
Q

James I

A
  • began The Stuarts
  • was the king of Scotland
  • believed his power to be heavily influenced by God
    - divine right of kings
  • monarch and parliament came to rule together
  • puritans didn’t like king’s strong religious views
    • wished to make the Church of England more protestant
    • made up of England’s gentry
      • formed important part of the House of Commons and lower house of parliament
  • parliament plotted against him by inviting William of Orange of Netherlands to come and “invade” to overthrow him
    • English army fled to France not wanting to fight for him
47
Q

Charles I

A
  • son of James I, believed same as him
  • in 1628 parliament put limits on what the king could do through a Petition of Right
    • Charles I ignored it
  • tried to impose more rituals on Church of England
    • drove puritans to America
  • executed 30 January, 1649
    • this horrified Europe
48
Q

Oliver Cromwell

A
  • led parliament to victory in 1642 in the war between the supporters of king Charles I and parliament
  • led the New Model Army that was made up of puritans (independents)
  • purged parliament of people that didn’t like/support him
  • had King Charles I executed
    • then he made parliament a House of Lords and made England a commonwealth society
    • set up military dictatorship
    • ruled as a military dictator until his death in 1658
49
Q

The Restoration after Oliver Cromwell

A
  • monarchy restored in 1660 with Charles II, son of James I -parliament continued with its role in government
    • parliament passed a Test Act saying empires of the Church of England would hold military officers
50
Q

Charles I

A
  • parliament continued with its role in government

- parliament passed a Test Act saying empires of the Church of England would hold military officers

51
Q

Charles II

A
  • was king the restoration
  • pushed his own ideas and was shot down by parliament
  • was sympathetic to Catholicism
  • brother, James II, his heir, was Catholic
  • suspended all laws that parliament passed that were against Catholics and puritans
  • converted to Catholicism on his deathbed
52
Q

James II

A
  • brother and heir to Charles II
  • became king in 1685, succeeding Charles II
    • made Catholics high positions in government
53
Q

English Ideas on the Government in the 1600s

A
  • no taxation without representation
  • no arbitrary punishment
  • trial: judgement by your peers
    • trial by jury
  • king and parliament are not above the law
54
Q

English Bill of Rights

A
  • citizens may petition the king
  • the army is under parliament’s control
  • king can’t interfere with election of parliament members
  • parliament will meet regularly
  • freedom of speech; king can’t dismiss parliament
  • parliament will be allowed to pass laws

-written in 1689 states the rights that must be obeyed by the king and parliament

55
Q

Constitution

A

-written laws

World History II-Snyder (6 decks)

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