Chapter 2 Test Flashcards
Scientific Method
A systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence that was crucial to the evolution of science in the modern world
Johannes Kepler
-Took Brahe’s data and created the laws of Planetary Motion (planets orbit in elliptical patterns)
Galileo Galilei
- “The Starry Messenger”
- confirmed Heliocentric Theory and other things: Moon with craters, sunspots, Jupiter’s moons
Rene Descartes and Francis Bacon
“Fathers” of Scientific Method
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
- became professor of surgery at the University of Padua in 1536
- personally dissected a body (was the first to)
- wrote “On the Fabric of the Human Body” in 1543
- proved Galen’s blood origins theory wrong by saying blood didn’t come from the liver, but the heart
- believed in Galen’s 2 blood systems theory
Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)
- argued punishments should serve as deterrents, not brutality
- argued execution didn’t dissuade criminals, long imprisonments
- prisoners should be rehabilitated while in prison
Robert Boyle (1627-1691)
- his work led to Boyles law
- didn’t believe that all matter consisted of the same components
- first to do controlled experiments and gas
Margaret Cavendish (1623-1673)
- born into aristocracy
- participated in scientific debates
- not a member of the Royal Society
- was very blunt and honest in her books
- duchess of new castle
John Locke (1632-1704)
- wrote “Second Treatise of Civil Government”
- argued that by forming government that the people will accept they have to agree with each other
- if you want freedom you have to have to power to enforce it
- of government takes away the rights of the people they have the right to revolt and form a new government
- believed the tabula rasa(blank slate) which meant that everyone was born a blank slate and could make themselves what they wanted
- citizenship if reserved only for people who own property
- not women or peasants
Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)
- co-wrote “Vindication of the Rights of Man”
- wrote “Vindication of the Rights of Women”
- Mary Wollstonecraft was a big advocate for women’s rights
- first political feminist
- argued against Rousseau that women weren’t just there to please men but also had their own ideas
- women should have equal access to education and political rights
- died during childbirth
- mother of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley: author of Frankenstein
Jean-Jasques Rosseau (1712-1778)
- wrote “The Social Contract” and “Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind”
- stressed individual freedom
- believed people give up their rights in return for protection from the government (social contract between government and people)
- believed in rule of the men
- first to popularize the concept of democratic rule
Voltaire (1694-1778)
- wrote “Candide”
- glorified science and reason
- made fun of religion
- believed humans were “rarely worthy to govern themselves” and were not equal to each other
- believed the best government was a good and “enlightened” monarch or ruler, not rule by people of upper class
Absolute Monarchy/Absolutism
one ruler that has complete control over everything, often from nobility
Louis XIV
expanded for France
Divine Right
the belief that the king gets his power directly from God and not his subjects
Geocentric
earth-centered; a system of planetary motion in which the sun, moon, and other planets revolve around the Earth
Nicolaus Copernicus
on the revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, Heliocentric Theory
Tycho Brahe
- observed movements and positions of stars for over 20 years
- literally sat and stared at the stars 20 years
Isaac Newton
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, the Law of Universal Gravitation
Galen
- the original “medical scientist”
- lived in 2nd century CE
- based human anatomy off of animal dissection
- believed there were 2 blood systems in the human body, one that controlled muscular functions and the other, digestive functions
William Harvey (1578-1657)
- wrote “On the Motion of the Heart and Blood”
- proved Galen’s two blood systems theory wrong by showing that blood moves in a circuit through the body
- wasn’t really recognized until 1660s with the discovery of capillaries
Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794)
- invented system of naming chemical elements
- thought by many to be founder of modern chemistry
- wife, Marie-Anne played a big part in helping him