Chapter 4- Socioemotional development in infancy

Question 1

What are the 2 important roles of emotions in infancy?

Answer 1

communication with others and behavioral organization

Question 2

What 3 things are emotions influenced by?

Answer 2

biology, cognitive processes, and experiences

Question 3

What are the 6 basic emotions?

Answer 3

1. joy
2. sadness
3. fear
4. surprise
5. anger
6. disgust

Question 4

What are the 5 self-conscious emotions?

Answer 4

1. guilt
2. shame
3. embarrassment
4. envy
5. pride

Question 5

What are the 3 types of cries?

Answer 5

basic cry, anger cry, and pain cry

Question 6

What are the 2 types of smiles?

Answer 6

reflexive smile (doesn’t occur in response to external stimuli) and social smile (does occur in response to external stimuli)

Question 7

What is the most frequent expression of an infants fear?

Answer 7

stranger anxiety

Question 8

What is separation protest?

Answer 8

crying when a caregiver leaves, peaks at 15 months

Question 9

What is social referencing?

Answer 9

when infants “read” emotional cues to determine how to act in certain situations

Question 10

When do babies start self-soothing?

Answer 10

4-6 months

Question 11

How do babies regulate their emotions?

Answer 11

4-6 months- distract themselves, thumb in mouth

2 years- use language to communicate their emotions

Question 12

What are the 3 classifications of temperament according to Chess and Thomas’ classification?

Answer 12

1. easy child
2. difficult child
3. slow-to-warm-up child

Question 13

What % of children didn’t fit in any temperament classification? (Chess & Thomas)

Answer 13

35%

Question 14

How does effortful control/self-regulation affect temperament?

Answer 14

Children high in self-regulation can keep their arousal levels down with soothing strategies, children low in it become agitated more easily and become intensely emotional

Question 15

How does a child acquire a certain temperament?

Answer 15

through a mixture of biology and culture

Question 16

How might culture affect temperament?

Answer 16

certain temperaments might be valued in some cultures and not others. gender bias in certain cultures may also affect it (mothers more likely to sooth a baby girl than boy)

Question 17

What is goodness of fit?

Answer 17

The match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands, including caregiver’s parenting style

Question 18

What are some strategies for temperament-sensitive parenting?

Answer 18

1. attention to and respect for individuality (don’t parent 2 children in the same way)
2. structuring the child’s environment (crowded environments problematic for some children)
3. avoid applying negative labels to the child (labeling a child as “difficult” can become a self-fulfilling prophecy)

Question 19

What are the first two stages of Erikson’s psychosocial theory?

Answer 19

Trust vs mistrust (1st year)

Autonomy vs shame and doubt (toddlerhood)

Question 20

At what age does self-recognition approximately begin?

Answer 20

18 months

Question 21

What was Freud’s view of attachment?

Answer 21

infants become attached to the person who provides them with oral satisfication

Question 22

What was Harlow’s view of attachment? (infant monkey experiment)

Answer 22

contact comfort is more important than feeding when it comes to attachment

Question 23

What was Erikson’s view of attachment?

Answer 23

trust arises from physical comfort and care

Question 24

What was Bowlby’s view of attachment?

Answer 24

both infant and caregiver are biologically predisposed to form attachments (baby cries, then later walks and follows mother)

Attachment doesn’t emerge suddenly but rather develops in phases

Question 25

Describe the 1st stage of Bowlby’s attachment theory

Answer 25

(birth-2 months)- infants direct attachment to human figures

Question 26

Describe the 2nd stage of Bowlby’s attachment theory

Answer 26

(2-7 months)- attachment focuses on one figure (primary caregiver)

Question 27

Describe the 3rd stage of Bowlby’s attachment theory

Answer 27

(7-24 months)- specific attachments develop, usually with regular caregivers (mother, father, babysitter, etc)

Question 28

Describe the 4th stage of Bowlby’s attachment theory

Answer 28

(24 months+) children become aware of other’s feelings and takes these into account with their own actions

Question 29

What are the different attachment styles according to Ainsworth?

Answer 29

1. Secure
2. Insecure avoidant
3. Insecure resistant
4. Insecure disorganized

Question 30

Describe an insecure avoidant baby

Answer 30

Unaffected by caregivers presence or absence.

Responds similarly to strangers.

Question 31

Describe an insecure resistant baby

Answer 31

Hesitant to explore when caregiver is present. At reunion, child is upset & hard to console

Question 32

Describe an insecure disorganized baby

Answer 32

Dazed, unpredictable crying, frozen or stiff

Question 33

What are some factors that influence attachment?

Answer 33

• cultural variations
• consistent caregiving
• sensitive caregiving
• infant characteristics

Question 34

Why is attachment important?

Answer 34

Securely attached babies have higher rated measures of:

• self esteem
• social skills
• empathy
• quality of peer relationships

Question 35

What is scaffolding?

Answer 35

changing the level of support during a teaching session with a child

basically, helping them less and less as they learn, in order to adjust to their current level of performance