Chapter 4- Socioemotional development in infancy Flashcards
What are the 2 important roles of emotions in infancy?
communication with others and behavioral organization
What 3 things are emotions influenced by?
biology, cognitive processes, and experiences
What are the 6 basic emotions?
- joy
- sadness
- fear
- surprise
- anger
- disgust
What are the 5 self-conscious emotions?
- guilt
- shame
- embarrassment
- envy
- pride
What are the 3 types of cries?
basic cry, anger cry, and pain cry
What are the 2 types of smiles?
reflexive smile (doesn’t occur in response to external stimuli) and social smile (does occur in response to external stimuli)
What is the most frequent expression of an infants fear?
stranger anxiety
What is separation protest?
crying when a caregiver leaves, peaks at 15 months
What is social referencing?
when infants “read” emotional cues to determine how to act in certain situations
When do babies start self-soothing?
4-6 months
How do babies regulate their emotions?
4-6 months- distract themselves, thumb in mouth
2 years- use language to communicate their emotions
What are the 3 classifications of temperament according to Chess and Thomas’ classification?
- easy child
- difficult child
- slow-to-warm-up child
What % of children didn’t fit in any temperament classification? (Chess & Thomas)
35%
How does effortful control/self-regulation affect temperament?
Children high in self-regulation can keep their arousal levels down with soothing strategies, children low in it become agitated more easily and become intensely emotional
How does a child acquire a certain temperament?
through a mixture of biology and culture
How might culture affect temperament?
certain temperaments might be valued in some cultures and not others. gender bias in certain cultures may also affect it (mothers more likely to sooth a baby girl than boy)
What is goodness of fit?
The match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands, including caregiver’s parenting style
What are some strategies for temperament-sensitive parenting?
- attention to and respect for individuality (don’t parent 2 children in the same way)
- structuring the child’s environment (crowded environments problematic for some children)
- avoid applying negative labels to the child (labeling a child as “difficult” can become a self-fulfilling prophecy)
What are the first two stages of Erikson’s psychosocial theory?
Trust vs mistrust (1st year)
Autonomy vs shame and doubt (toddlerhood)
At what age does self-recognition approximately begin?
18 months
What was Freud’s view of attachment?
infants become attached to the person who provides them with oral satisfication
What was Harlow’s view of attachment? (infant monkey experiment)
contact comfort is more important than feeding when it comes to attachment
What was Erikson’s view of attachment?
trust arises from physical comfort and care
What was Bowlby’s view of attachment?
both infant and caregiver are biologically predisposed to form attachments (baby cries, then later walks and follows mother)
Attachment doesn’t emerge suddenly but rather develops in phases
Describe the 1st stage of Bowlby’s attachment theory
(birth-2 months)- infants direct attachment to human figures
Describe the 2nd stage of Bowlby’s attachment theory
(2-7 months)- attachment focuses on one figure (primary caregiver)
Describe the 3rd stage of Bowlby’s attachment theory
(7-24 months)- specific attachments develop, usually with regular caregivers (mother, father, babysitter, etc)
Describe the 4th stage of Bowlby’s attachment theory
(24 months+) children become aware of other’s feelings and takes these into account with their own actions
What are the different attachment styles according to Ainsworth?
- Secure
- Insecure avoidant
- Insecure resistant
- Insecure disorganized
Describe an insecure avoidant baby
Unaffected by caregivers presence or absence.
Responds similarly to strangers.
Describe an insecure resistant baby
Hesitant to explore when caregiver is present. At reunion, child is upset & hard to console
Describe an insecure disorganized baby
Dazed, unpredictable crying, frozen or stiff
What are some factors that influence attachment?
- cultural variations
- consistent caregiving
- sensitive caregiving
- infant characteristics
Why is attachment important?
Securely attached babies have higher rated measures of:
- self esteem
- social skills
- empathy
- quality of peer relationships
What is scaffolding?
changing the level of support during a teaching session with a child
basically, helping them less and less as they learn, in order to adjust to their current level of performance
