chapter 4: social cognition Flashcards
list
2 dimensions of snap judgment
- dimension 1 (positive/negative): trusworthy/or not agressive/ or not
- dimension 2 (power): confident/bashful dominant/submissive
true or false
Snap judgements are always accurate
false
define
situational attribution
consensus and distinctiveness high
define
dispositional attribution
consenses and distinctiveness low
answer
what are men more likely than women to attribute their failures to?
lack of effort
answer:
what are women more likely than men to attribute their failures to?
lack of ability
define:
covariation principle
idea that behavior should be atttributed to potential causes that occur along with observed behavior
define
consensus
type of covarition; whether most people would behave the same way or different in a given situation
define
distinctiveness
type of covariation; whether a behavior is unique to a particular situation or occurs in many/all situations
define
discounting principle
idea that people will assign reduced weight to a particular cause of behaior id other plausible causes might have produced the same behavior
define:
counterfactual thinking
thoughts of what we would’ve, could’ve, should’ve happened “if only” something occured differently
define:
emotional amplification
increase in emotional reaction to an event that is proportional to how easy it is to imagine the event not happening
define:
self-serving attributions bias
tendency to attribute failure/other bad events to external circumstances and to attribute success and other good events to oneself
define:
fundamental attribution error
failure to recognixe the importance of external factors on behavior along with the tendency to over emphasize importance of disposition on behavior
define
actor-observer effect
difference in attribution based on who is making the causal assessment
actor makes situaltional attributions
observer makes dispostional attri
define
spin framing
varies content, not just order (25% fat vs 75% lean)
define:
temporal frame
particular time perspectie in which we think about events
define
primacy effect
type of order effect; information 1st presented has disproportionate influence on judgment
define:
recency effect
type of order effect; last information presented has a disproportionate influence on judgment
define:
framing effect
influence on judgment resulting form the way information is presented
define
construal level theory
theory about the relationship between temporal distance and abstract/concrete thinking
* psychologically distant events are thought about in abstract terms
* actions that are close are thought about in concrete terms
define
overconfidence bias
tendency for individuals to have greater confidence in their judgments than is accurate
define
confirmation bias
tendency to test a propsition by searching for evidence in support of it
define
bottom up processing
data driven mental processing in which an individual forms conclusions based on stimuli encountered in the environment
define:
top down processing
theory driven mental processing in which an individual filters and interprets new information in light of preexsiting knowledge/ experiences
define
priming
the presentation of information designed to activate a concept and hence make it accessible
define
intuitive system
quick/automatic, based on associations, performs many operations simultanelously
define
rational system
slower/controlled based on rules and deductions; performs operations one at a time
define
heuristics
intuitive mental operations performed quickly and automatically that provide efficient answers to common problems of judgements
define
availability heuristic
process whereby judgments of frequency or probablility based on how readily pertinent instances come to mind
define:
representativeness heuristic
the process wherby judgements of liklihood are based on assessments of similarity between individuals and group prototypes or between cause and effect
define
fluency
feeling of ease/difficulty associated with processing information
define
base rate information
information about the relative frequency of events or members of differnt categories in a population
define:
illusory correlation
belief that two variables are correlated when in fact they are not
define
regression effect
the statistical tendency, when 2 variables are imperfectly correlated, for extreme values of one of them to be associated with less extreme values of the other
define
regression fallacy
failure to recognize the influence of the regression effect and to instead offer a causal theory for what is really a simple statistical regularity
define
attribution theory
a set of concepts that explain how people assign causes to the events around them and the effects of these kinds
define
causal attribution
linking a cause to an event concluding that something happened because of x or y
define
consistency
whether an individual behaves the same way or differently in a given situation on different outcomes
