chapter 13: Aggression Flashcards
list
types of aggression
- hostile aggression
- instrumental aggression
define
hostile aggression
bx intended to harm another, either physically or psychologically and motivated by feelings of anger and hostility
define
instrumental aggression
behavior intended to harm another in the service of motive other than pure hostility
list
causes of aggression
- individual factors
- situational factors
list
individual factors of aggression
- genetics
- personality
- brain abnormalities
list
situational factors of aggression
- heat
- media violence
- video games
- social rejection
define
relational value
the degree to which others consider the relationship with us to be valuable, important, or close
answer
when the relational value is lower than we expect how do we feel?
hurt
define
dehumanization
the attribution of nonhuman characteristics and denial of human qualities to groups other than ones own
define
culture of honor
a culture defined by its members stron concerns about their own and others reputations; leading to sensitivity to insults and a willingness to use violence to avenge any percieved wrong
answer
in the us is the north or south a culture of honor
South
answer
explain ways southern men show they are in a culture of honor
- show more anger expressions
- elevated testosterone
- firmer grip
- greater hostility after an insult
answer
how do economic practices lead to cultures of honor
herding: wealth can be easily stolen need to be percieved as tough
agriculture: wealth cannot be as easily stolen
define
rape prone culture
culture in which rape tends to be used as an act of war against enemy women, as a ritual act, or as a threat against women to keep them subservient to men
fill in blank
rape prone cultures have — levels of violence, history of — warfare and an — on toughness
- high
- frequent
- overemphasis
fill in blank
rape prone cultures are more likely to — womens right and social status
limit
explain
Banduras Bobo doll experiement
- 2 groups of kids
- 1 watches an aggressive model and then is released to play in room full of toys
- 1 watching a neutral model and then is released into a room full of toys
- children with the aggressive model beat up bobo those who didnt have the aggressive model played with the other toys
define:
ostracism
being ignored by others around you
list
consequences of ostracism
- painful
- stressful
- ostracised partner may end relationship
- antagonistic reactions
define
seville statement
it is scientifically inaacurate to say that people cannot control their aggression
answer
at what age do boys start being more physically aggressive than girl?
2
answer
why are men more aggressive than women?
males evolve characteristics and strategies for outcompeting other males
define
precarious manhood hypothesis
a man’s gender identity of strength and toughness may be lost under certain conditons and that such a loss can trigger aggressive behavior
true or false
women show more relational/emotional aggression
true
list
forms of relational/emotional aggression
- gossip
- alliances
- exclusion
- social rejection
answer
why are women more likely to engage in emotional/relational aggression
females are less physically strong and have to care for others so they cant be getting their asses beat all the time
answer
in canada what are the “odds” you will be killed by a stepparent vs your biological parent
70x
answer
in the us of much more likely are you to be killed by a stepparent than a biological parent?
100x
define
exchange relationships
indiviuals feel little responsibility toward one another; giving and recieving are governed by concerns of equity and reciprocity
define
communal relationships
individuals feel a special responsiblity for one another and give and recieve according to principles of needs
list
determinants that make partners more committed
- relationship satisfaction (outcome-cl)
- few alternative partners (CLalts)
- investments in the relationship
define
construal processes
how people percieve the context/other people
define
self-construals
perception of one’s own role in a situation
define
general aggression model
a broad approach to understanding the causes of aggression through a focus on situational factors, construal factors, and biological and cultural contributions
answer
who proved a causal relationship between heat and increased violent crimes
Craig Anderson
fill in the blank
85% of american teens play video games for — hours a week
13
answer
on average how many hours do boys play video games a week
16
answer
on average how many hours a week do girls play video games
9
fill in blank
–(percent) of children play 24 hours of video games a week
8%
list
5 ways playing video games can lead to aggression
- increase in aggressive bx
- reduces prosocial bx
- increases aggressive thoughts
- increase aggresive emotions
5.increase heart rate and blood pressure
true of false
people who feel rejected report higher chronic pain
true
answer
when playing cyberball and being ostracised the part of the brain that is activated is the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, what is that part of the brain responsible for?
processing physical pain
reliving a break up does the same
true or false
a citizen is more likely to be a victim of a crime if the income inequality is high
true
answer
inequality undermines feelings of what?
trust and goodwill
answer
what do evolutionary psycholgists think that income inequality does for men
it forces them to be in competition with others for economic gain and access to mates
define
biophilia
humans love of life and living systems
true of false
nature calms down people better than other recreational activities
true
answer
in geographical regions where people have greater access to nice outdoor spaces people report a higher what?
higher levels of happiness and goodwill toward others
answer
what does leonard berkowitz think about fight-or flight?
any unpleasant stimulus can trigger the fight- or flight response
true or false
once angry people are more likely to percieve others as having combative intentions, imagine ways of inflicting harm etc.
true
answer
firearms are invloved in what percent of homicides
75%
answer
firearms are used in what percentage of suicides
50%
answer
according to berkowitz the presense of guns only leads to aggression when what else is present?
feeling of anger
explain
berkowitz experiment
2 people 1 participant 1 confederate
* delivered shocks to eachother
* 3 conditions (no object, neutral object and a gun)
* found that the presence of the gun didn’t trigger aggression, only made participants more aggressive when there is anger present
define
dehumanization
the attribution of nonhuman characteristics and denial of human qualities to a group
answer
why do people dehumanize others?
easier to hurt something we don’t see as human
explain
cohen’s study of aggression and culture
- confederate bumps into a participant calling him an asshole
- southerners showed more angry facial expressions and higher levels of testosterone and cortisone (cortisol?)
- southerners shook other participants harder and refused to move out of the way
answer
rape is prevelant in cultures where women are in what level of society
high or low
low
define
inclusive fitness
according to evolutionary theory, an individuals reproductive success, which ensures the transmission of an individuals genes to future generations
