chapter 12: groups Flashcards
define
encephalization quotient
ratio of brain weight of an animal to that predicted for a comprable animal of the same body size
answer
what is the human encephalization quotient
4.6
define
social brain hypothesis
primates that were most successful @ navigating intricate/elaborate webs of social relationships would have been more likely to attract mates, secure resources, and protect themselves/offspring from danger
define
social facilitation
the effect, positive or negative, of the presence of others
explain
the 1st social psyc experiment
triplett (1898) found that cyclist recorded faster times when competing against others than alone
define
zajonc’s theory of mere prescence
the prescence of others increases arousal, and arousal increases an individuals dominant response
define
evaluation apprehension
people concern abt how they might appear to others, fear of being judged by them
define
social loafing
tendency to exert less effort when working on a group project in which individual contributions cannot contributions
list
times when social loafing is least likely to happen
- task is challenging/appealing
- group members are percieved as unreliable
- members are convinced their efforts will pay off
- group members feel close to other members
true or false
people assume groups will make better decisions
true
define
group think
groups that are highly cohesive can produce poor group decisions bc maintaining group harmony may be emphasized over making an accurate judgments
list
symptoms of groupthink
- illusion of vulnerablity
- belief group is morally superior
- collective rationalization
- stereotyped view of opponent
- conformity pressure
- self-censorship
- illusion of unanimity
define
illusion of vulnerability
optimism that blinds group to warnings of danger
define
collective rationalization
convince themselves they are correct
define
conformity pressure
normative social pressure to not get out of line
define
mindguards
people who serve the purpose of keeping people in line
list
ways to prevent group think
- be impartial leader
- encourage critical evaluation
- subdivide
- welcome critiques from outside experts
- second chance meetings
define
group polarization
- tendency for group decisions to become more extreme than those made by individuals.
- whichever the way the indivuals are leaning, group discussions makes them lean further
define
informational influence
- the group gives individuals info they didn’t have before
define
normative influences
“peer pressure”; individuals want to at least fit in but ideally show some influence
define
social comparison
if others express similiar opinions to us, we make take a more extreme position to differentiate ourselves
list
people who become leaders
- expert and skilled related to group goal
- can provide rewards to group members
- can make the group run smoothly
- have social skills to build strong, cooperative relationships
list
elements of power
- power
- status
- authority
- dominance
define
power
ability to control ones own outcomes and those of others
define:
status
the outcome of an evaluation of attributes that produce differences in respect and prominence, and which contribute to determining a person power within the group
define
authority
power that derives from institutionalized roles or arrangements
define
dominance
bx enacted with goal of acquiring or demonstrating power
define
approach/inhibition theory of power
- high power individuals are inclined to go after their goals and make quick judgments
- low power people are more likely to constrain their bx and pay careful attention to others
define
deinviduation
a reduced sense of your own individual identity accompanied by diminished self-regulation that comes over people when they are in a large group
define
diffusion of responsiblity
feeling like you will not get caught; actions cannot be traced back to you
define
individuation
enhanced sense of individual identity produced by focusing attention on the self, which generally leads people to act out carefully and deliberately an in accordance w their sense of propriety and values
define
self- awareness theory
maintians that when people focus their attention inward on themselves, they become concerned with sekf evaluation and how their current bx conforms to their internal standards and values
define
spotlight effect
individuals conviction that other people are paying attention to them more than they actually are
