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Intro To Psych I > Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

The process of turning the energy of stimuli picked up by our senses into neural impulses in our brains

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2
Q

Perception

A

Organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory signals in order to form mental representations of events in the world

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3
Q

Transduction

A

the transformation of physical stimuli (sights, sounds, smells) into neural impulses located in eyes, ears, skin etc..

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4
Q

bottom-up processing

A

to construct perception, the brain uses the sensory information

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5
Q

top-down processing

A

to construct perception, the brain used information already stored in the brain

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6
Q

Psychophysics

A

investigates the relationship between physical events and conscious experience

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7
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

Minimal intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus

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8
Q

Difference threshold

A

The smallest possible change between two stimuli (colour, tone, etc.) that is barely detectable

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9
Q

Weber’s Law

A

two stimuli must differ by a minimum proportion to be perceived different

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10
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

the process by which our brain cells become less sensitive to constant stimuli that are picked up by our senses

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11
Q

Selective attention

A

the act of focusing on a particular object for a while, simultaneously ignoring distractions and irrelevant information

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12
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

people failing to notice existence of unexpected objects in their visual field when their attention is engaged with another task

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13
Q

Change blindness

A

obvious changes in a visual scene are not noticed due to the lack of visual attention

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14
Q

Intensity

A

the amount of energy in light waves (determined by a wave’s amplitude, or height), influences brightness

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15
Q

Wavelength

A

the distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next

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16
Q

Hue (colour)

A

related to the wavelength of the light

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17
Q

The Eye Structure

A
  • Cornea: Transparent tissue where light enters the eye. Acts as a lens to focus light into the eye.
  • Iris: Muscle that expands and contracts to change the size of the opening (pupil) for light.
  • Lens: Focuses the light rays on the retina.
  • Retina: Contains sensory receptors (transducers) that process visual information and sends it to the brain.
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18
Q

Accommodation

A

The process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

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19
Q

Fovea

A

Central point in the retina around which the eye’s cones cluster and provides the highest visual acuity (ability to see fine details)

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20
Q

Optic nerve

A

Carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

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21
Q

Blind spot

A

spot in the retina where the optic nerve connects and there are no light-sensitive cells so this part of your retina can’t see

22
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

the eye contains three types of cone receptors that are sensitive to red, blue and green colours

23
Q

Visual Form Agnosia

A

inability to recognize objects by sight

24
Q

Perceptual Constancy

A

perceiving a familiar object as having a constant shape, size and brightness despite the stimuli

25
Q

Size constancy

A

seeing objects as the same size even if the image on the retina becomes smaller

26
Q

Depth perception

A

the ability to judge how far away an object is, can be calculated by using Binocular and Monocular Cues

27
Q

Binocular Disparity

A

our two eyes view the world from different angles, provide information about depth, different in image location seen by left of right eye

28
Q

Interposition

A

When one object appears to block the view of another, we perceive the blocking object as being closer than the object being blocked

29
Q

Relative Size

A

If two objects are similar in size, we perceive the one that casts a smaller retinal image to be farther away

30
Q

Linear Perspective

A

Parallel lines appear to converge in the distance. The more the lines converge, the greater their perceived distance

31
Q

Relative Height

A

We perceive objects that are closer to the horizon in our field of vision to be farther away than those that are lower

32
Q

Relative motion

A

Objects closer to a fixation point move faster and in opposing direction to those objects that are farther away from a fixation point, moving slower and in the same direction

33
Q

Sound Waves

A

changes in air pressure over time causing compressing and expanding of the air molecules

34
Q

Hearing

A
  • Intensity: Amount of energy in a wave, determines the amplitude, relates to the perceived loudness
  • Pitch is related to the frequency of a sound.
    Frequency is the inverse of the wavelength of
    sound
35
Q

Complexity

A

the mix of frequencies and changes in amplitude
that make up a sound

36
Q

Ear structure

A
  • Outer Ear: Collects and sends sounds to the eardrum.
  • Middle Ear: Chamber between eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones that amplify the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window
  • Inner Ear: Innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs
37
Q

Cochlea

A

Coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear, it contains basilar membrane

38
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

Exposure to loud sounds can cause damage to the inner ear, especially the hair cells

39
Q

conduction hearing loss

A

Structures of the middle and inner ear can also be damaged by disease or physical trauma

40
Q

Place Code

A

high frequencies stimulate hair cells in different locations, basilar membrane

41
Q

Temporal Code

A

low frequencies firing rates of hair cells in respond to sound waves

42
Q

Intensity differences

A

The head acts as a “shadow” or partial sound barrier

43
Q

Time differences

A

Time differences as small as 1/100,000 of a second can cause us to localize sound

44
Q

somatosenses (body senses)

A

Touch: pressure, texture, vibration
Thermoreceptors: warmth, cold
Nocioreceptors: pain

45
Q

Nociceptors

A

sensory receptors whose signals are interpreted by the brain as pain

46
Q

Gate-Control Theory

A

neurons in the spinal cord act as “gates” that can block or transmit pain signals to the brain

47
Q

vestibular sense

A

informs us if our body is in motion and tells us to orientate with gravity

48
Q

Kinesthesis (“movement feeling”)

A

sensing the movement and position of individual
body parts relative to each other

49
Q

olfactory bulb

A

neural structure of forebrain involved in the sense of smell influencing memory and emotion

50
Q

Sensory interaction

A

occurs when different senses influence each other, flavour of a food is a sensory interaction between its taste, smell and, pain receptors (hot spice) and texture

Intro To Psych I (9 decks)

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