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Intro To Psych I > Chapter 3: Neuroscience And Behaviour > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Neuroscience And Behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

Phrenology

A

The belief that bumps on the skull are related to mental abilities and character traits. Developed by Franz Gall in 1800

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2
Q

Glial Cells

A

Support, nourish and protect neurons, make up majority of nervous system cells and play a role in thinking/learning

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3
Q

Neurons

A

nerve cells that send messages all over your body to allow you to do everything like breathing, talking, eating, and thinking.

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4
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Receive information from the body or external environment

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5
Q

Motor neurons

A

Send instructions to the body

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6
Q

Interneurons

A

receive and send information to other neurons

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7
Q

Cell body

A

Life support centre of the neuron, does information-processing tasks

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8
Q

Dendrites

A

Branching extensions at the cell body, receive information from other neurons and relays it to the cell body

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9
Q

Axon

A

long single extensions making neurons send messages to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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10
Q

Terminal Buttons of axon

A

Knob like endings of an axon that transmit messages

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11
Q

Neural impulse

A

Action potential, electrical signal travelling down the axon

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12
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses

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13
Q

Voltage

A

A measure of the electrical force that would drive an electric current between two points

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14
Q

Ion

A

An atom/molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to total number of protons giving it a positive/negative electric charge

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15
Q

Resting potential

A

When a neuron is at rest, not receiving input or firing an action potential, higher concentration of negative ions inside the cell than outside

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16
Q

Action potential

A

electrical charge that travels down an axon

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17
Q

Threshold

A

Each neuron receives excitatory and inhibitory signals from many neurons

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18
Q

Refractory period

A

Time following an action potential durning which a new action potential can’t be initiated

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19
Q

All-or-None response

A

A stronger stimulus can trigger more neurons to fire, and to fire more often but it does not affect the action potential strength/speed

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20
Q

Synapses

A

A gap between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dentrite/cell body of the receiving neuron

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21
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that allow neurons to communicate with each other throughout the cell body.

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22
Q

Reuptake

A

essential for synaptic functioning, It allows neurotransmitters to be reused and helps regulate neurotransmitter levels.

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23
Q

Agonist

A

Drugs that increase the action potential of a neurotransmitter

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24
Q

Antagonist

A

Drugs that block the function of a neurotransmitter

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25
Q

The Nervous System

A

network of neurons that send information throughout the body, the body’s speed, electrochemical communication system

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26
Q

peripheral nervous system [PNS]

A

sensory and motor neurons that connect the [CNS] to the rest of the body

27
Q

central nervous system [CNS]

A

consists of the brain and the spinal cord

28
Q

nerves

A

enclosed cable like bundle of axons in the PNS, they connect muscles, glands and sense organs to the CNS

29
Q

somatic nervous system [SNS]

A

the division of the PNS that controls the body’s skeletal muscles

30
Q

autonomic nervous system [ANS]

A

part of the PNS that involuntarily and automatically controls the blood vessels, organs, glands and involuntary muscles

31
Q

sympathetic nervous system [SNS]

A

division of the ANS that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations [fight or flight]

32
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

division of the ANS that calms the body, conserving its energy [rest and digest]

33
Q

CNS

A

makes decisions for the body and spinal cord has interneurons that can take action independent of the brain

34
Q

spinal reflexes

A

simple pathways in the nervous system that rapidly generate muscle contractions

35
Q

hindbrain

A

regulates functions fundamental to life such as sleep and respiration and consists of the Cerebellum, Medulla and the pons

36
Q

midbrain

A

important for orientation and movement

37
Q

forebrain

A

highest level of brain; critical for complex cognitive, emotional, sensory, and motor functions

38
Q

medulla

A

controls the most basic functions such as heartbeat and breathing

39
Q

reticular formation

A

nerve network that regulates sleep and alertness [arousal]

40
Q

cerebellum [little brain]

A

helps coordinate voluntary fine movements and balance

41
Q

thalamus

A

‘sensory switchboard’ or ‘router’ of the brain

42
Q

limbic system

A

group of forebrain structures involved in motivation, learning and memory [Hip,Amg,Hyp]

43
Q

hippocampus

A

neural centre in the limbic system that plays an important role in the formation of long term explicit memories

44
Q

amygdala

A

plays an important role in emotional processing and memories and linked with fear and anger

45
Q

hypothalamus

A

maintenance activities like eating, drinking, body temperature and its involved in the control of emotions

46
Q

the endocrine system

A

sends molecules (hormones) as messages, just like the nervous system, but sends them through the bloodstream instead of across synapses

47
Q

the pituitary gland

A

produces hormones that regulate other glands such as thyroid and adrenal glands

48
Q

adrenal glands

A

produce hormones, the fight or flight NS responds to stress by sending a message to the adrenal glands to release hormones

49
Q

the cerebral cortex

A

outer grey ‘‘bark’’ structure wrinkled in order to create more surface area

50
Q

the four lobes

A

Frontal lobe [FT], Partiel lobe [BT], temporal lobe [FB], occipital lobe [BB]

51
Q

sensory motor cortex

A

controls voluntary movements

52
Q

primary visual cortex

A

involved in visual processing

53
Q

auditory cortex

A

involved in hearing processing

54
Q

frontal lobe

A

executive functions such as judgment, planning, and inhibition of impulses

55
Q

Broca’s area

A

language production area

56
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Language comprehension area

57
Q

plasticity

A

brains ability to modify itself after new experiences and some types of injury or illness

58
Q

neuropsychology

A

examining the effects of brain damage on mental abilities

59
Q

MRI

A

uses magnetic fields to produce images of the brain tissue, checks to see brain changes due to disease, injury or drug use

60
Q

functional MRI

A

tracks the changes in levels of oxygen in blood to determine which brain areas are active

61
Q

EEG

A

recording of electrical activity, produced by neurons, by electrodes placed on the scalp

62
Q

TMS

A

provides ability to infer causal links between certain brain activity and cognitive behaviour

63
Q

Left Hemisphere

A

thoughts and logic, words and definitions, linear and literal, sees in pieces and details

64
Q

Right Hemisphere

A

feelings and intuition, tone inflection and contex, sees in wholes

Intro To Psych I (4 decks)

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