Chapter 4: Reinforcement Flashcards
Thorndike
- Law of Effect
- law of behaviour
Operant behaviour
- Functioning of tending to produce effects
- a behaviour that operates on the environment
- ## is emitted or evoked
Operant conditioning
manipulating consequences of behavior
- consequences may increase or decrease a behaviour
- behaviour can itself be a stimulus which leads to further behaviour
Reinforcement
the process in which the consequence of a behaviour strengthens the behaviour
- behaviour is likely to occur in the future (frequency), or occurs more quickly (latency)
Reinforcer
a stimulus, object, or event that strengthens behaviour; often is an appetitive stimulus (characterized by a natural desire to satisfy bodily needs)
ex. dog treat
Positive reinforcement
behaviour is followed by the presentation of a pleasant stimulus to increase behaviour
ex. tell a joke and laugh
negative reinforcement
Behaviour is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus that increases the behaviour
ex. Putting up umbrella while raining
Escape reinforcement (negative reinforcement)
causes removal of existing aversive stimulus
ex. feel cold put on sweater
avoidance reinforcement (negative reinforcement)
prevents presentation of aversive stimulus
ex. before you go outside, put on a sweater
natural reinforcement
occurs spontaneously as part of everyday life
ex. tell a joke, friends laugh
Programed reinforcement
planned and systematic; part of behavioral treatment
ex. giving yourself reward as part of a self management program
social reinforcement
involves another person to deliver reinforcing consequences
ex. teacher praises student
Automatic reinforcement
individual get reinforcing consequences directly form environment
ex. scratching an itch
tangible reinforcement
access to a preferred object (consumable reinforcement)
ex. toys
activity reinforcement
engaging in preferred behaviour
ex. video game, listening to music
Primark principle
preferred behavior can serve as positive reinforcement
unconditioned (primary) reinforcer
stimulus or event that has natural reinforcing effects (not due to prior conditioning or learning)
ex. food, water, absence of pain
conditioned (secondary) reinforcer
neutral stimulus that has become associated with an unconditioned reinforcer
ex. animal clicker training
ex. token economy
Reward value
quantity and quality of the reinforcer, value to the individual
Motivating operations
antecedent events that can temporarily alter the effectiveness of reinforcement , and thus affect behaviour; also called setting events
Types of setting events
social ex. presence of an attractive person
physiological: ex. having headache
environmental: quiet library for studying
establishing operation
establishes/increase the effectiveness of reinforcement
abolishing operation
decreases the effectiveness of reinforcement
contingency
consequences should consistently follow the behaviour
