chapter 4 prokaryotic diversity Flashcards
exam 2
normal microbiota
collection of bacteria, archaea and eukaryotic microbes colonizing our bodies
pathogens
microbes that invade our bodies and are harmful (viruses)
two main types of microbiota
permanent: forever on the body
transient: temporarily on the body
microbe free areas of the body
blood
brain
muscles
symbiotic relationships
relationships between microbes and their corresponding host
mutualism
both populations benefit
amensalism
one organism harmed the other is unaffected
commensalism
one organism is benefitted the other is unaffected
neutralism
both organisms are unaffeceted
parasitism
one organism is benefitted the other is harmed
archea phylums
Crenarchaeota
Euryarchaeota
Phylum Crenarchaeota
aquatic in nature
hyperthermophiles
genus sulfolobus: aerobic or anaerobic environments
genus thermoproteus: strictly anaerobic
Phylum Euryarchaeota
classes methanobacteria, methanococci, methanomicrobia
called methanogens: release methane CH4
classes: halobacteria- salt
proteobacteria
a subgroup of gram-negative bacteria
classes of proteobacteria
alphaproteobacteria
betaproteobacteria
gammaproteobacteria
deltaproteobacteria
epsilonbacteria
alphaproteopbacteria
oligotrophs
growth at very low nutrient levels
betaproteobacteria
use nutrients released during anaerobic decomposition (breakdown of organic matter without oxygen)
can undergo a variety of metabolic pathways
gonorrhea, meningitis
gammaproteobacteria
largest subgroup of proteobacteria and include a variety of physiological types
deltaproteobacteria
include bacteria that are predators of other bacteria and bacteria important contributors to the sulfur cycle
epsilonbacteria
slender gram negative rods that are helical or curved
GPB pasteurellales (order)
Pasteurella (genus): nonmotile pleomorphic (animal pathogens)
Haemophilus (genus): nonmotile pleomorphic (mucus membranes of humans)
GPB Pseudomonadales (order)
pseudomonas (genus): metabolically diverse, polar flagella, single or tuffs, aerobic
Moraxella (genus): coccobacilus, aerobic
Acinetobacter (genus): occurs in pairs, motile, aerobic
GPB Enterobacteriales (order)
Facultative anaerobic gram-rods and when motile have peritrichous flagella
genus found in the Enterobacteriaceae family
escherichia
salmonella
shigella
klebsiella
enterobacter
citrobacter
proteus
erwinia
epsilonbacteria genuses
campylobacter (genus): one polar flagellum, causes gastroenteritis
Helicobacter: multiple flagella, causes peptic ulcers
nonproteobacteria
purple sulfur bacteria
green sulfur bacteria
purple nonsulfur bacteria
green nonsulfur bacteria
purple sulfur bacteria
oxidize hydrogen sulfide into elemental sulfur and sulfuric acid
green sulfur bacteria
Use sulfide for oxidation and produce large amount of green bacteriochlorophyll
firmicutes
phylum of gram-positive low guanine and cytosine content
Clostridiales
order of firmicutes that produce endospores
genus of clostridiales
Clostridium: obligate anaerobes, rod shape, contain endospores
Epulopiscium: largest known bacteria
bacillales
order of firmicutes
genus of bacillales
bacillus: rod-shape, endospores
staphylococcus: coccus shape, low moisture enviornments
listeria: rod shape, fatality rate of 20%
all are facultative anaerobes
lactobacillales
order of firmicutes that dont produce endospores
genus of lactobacillales
streptococcus
enterococcus
both are coccus shaped facultative anaerobes
Actinobacteria
gram-positive bacteria that are high G+C
genus of actinobacteria
mycobacterium
corynebacterium
cutibacterium
gardnerella
streptomyces
actinomyces
