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Lab Man > Chapter 4 - Principles Of Instrumentation > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Principles Of Instrumentation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the principles of instrumentation?

A
  • Spectrophotometry
  • Reflectometry
  • Flourometry
  • Nephelometry
  • Turbidimetry
  • Refractometry
  • Osmometry
  • Flow Cytometry
  • Electrochemistry
  • Conductance
  • Impedance
  • Electrophoresis and Densitometry
  • Isoelectric Focusing
  • Chromatography
  • Mass Spectrometry
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3
Q

Fundamental principles of absorption spectrometry.

It was developed by?

A

Spectrophotometery: Beer’s Law

By Beer and Lambert

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4
Q

What are the concentration of substances being measured for spectrophotometry?

A

Absorbance and Transmittance

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5
Q

The amount of light absorbed

A

Absorbance

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6
Q

The logarithm of transmitted light

A

Transmittance

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7
Q

Components of Spectrophotometer

A
  • Light source
  • Entrance Slit
  • Monochromator
  • Exit slit
  • Cuvet
  • Photodetector
  • Read out device
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8
Q

provides the energy that the sample will modify.

It is also known as?

A

Light Source or Exciter Lamp

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9
Q

Emits radiation that changes in intensity very slowly as a function of wavelength

A

Continuum

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10
Q

Emit a limited number of discrete lines or bands of radiation

A

Line

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11
Q

Types of light source

A

Continuum and Line

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12
Q

Element that is the visible region of EMS

A

Tungsten

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13
Q

Element that provides UV radiation

A

Deutrium

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14
Q

Element that covers both UV and VR

A

Xenon

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15
Q

Kind of lamp that provides sharp lines in the UV and VR.

Used in several spectrophotometers

A

Mercury and Sodium Vapor Lamps

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16
Q

Component of spectrophotometer that excludes unwanted stray light.

A

Entrance Slit

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17
Q

Any light that impinges upon the detector that does not originate from a polychromatic light source.

A

Stray Light

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18
Q

Component of spectrophotometer that is used to select the appropriate wavelength

A

Monochromator

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19
Q

Types of monochromator

A
  • Filters
  • Prism
  • Grating monochromators
  • Holographic gratings
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20
Q

Types of filters

A

Pre sample filter and

post sample filters

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21
Q

Type of filter that limits the wavelengths of light that enter the sample

A

Pre-sample Filters

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22
Q

Type of filter that allows multi-wavelength light to pass through the sample

A

Post-sample Filter

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23
Q

Types of pre-sample filters

A

Absorption and Interference Filters

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24
Q

Type of pre sample filter that allows only limited domain of this spectrum to pass through the sample

A

Absorption Filters

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25
Q

Type of pre sample filter that enters magnesium fluoride chamber

A

Interference Filter

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26
Q

Component of Spectrophotometer that controls width of light beam

A

Exit Slit

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27
Q

Total range of wavelengths transmitted

A

Bandpass

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28
Q

Component of Spectrophotometer that is made of material that is transparent to radiation in the spectral region of interest.

It is also known as?

A

Cuvet or Sample Container

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29
Q

Component of Spectrophotometer that converts transmitted radiant energy into an equivalent amount of electrical energy

A

Photodetector

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30
Q

Types of Photodetector

A
  • Photomultiplier Tubes (PMTs)
  • Photovoltaic
  • Vacuum Phototubes
  • Silicon Diode Transducers
  • Multichannel Photon Transducers
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31
Q

Most common type of Photodetector.

Highly sensitive to UV and VR

A

Photomultiplier Tubes (PMTs)

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32
Q

Type of photodetector that is used for measuring radiation in visible region.

A

Photovoltaic

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33
Q

Type of photodetector that has a semicylindrical cathode and wire anode sealed

A

Vacuum Phototubes

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34
Q

Type of photodetector that contains positive and negative charged semi-conductive materials.

A

Silicon Diode Transducers

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35
Q

Type of photodetector that consist of an array of small photoelectricsensitive elements

A

Multichannel Photon Transducers

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36
Q

Component of Spectrophotometer that indicates the amount of light passing through a sample.

It is also known as?

A

Read out device or Signal Processors

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37
Q

What are the parameters of Quality Control?

A
  • Wavelength
  • Absorbance
  • Linearity
  • Stray Light
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38
Q

A parameter of QC that Monitored by using special glass type optical filters.

A

Wavelength

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39
Q

A parameter of QC that use glass filters or solutions that have known substance or absorbance

A

Absorbance

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40
Q

A parameter of QC that yield a linear relationship between radiant power and concentration.

A

Linearity

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41
Q

A parameter of QC that is evaluated by using special cutoff filters

A

Stray Light

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42
Q

Types of Photometric Instruments

A
  • Spectroscope
  • Calorimeter
  • Spectrometer
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43
Q

Type of photometric instrument that is used for visual identification of atomic emission lines

A

Spectroscope

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44
Q

Type of photometric instrument that uses human eye as detector and compares the observed color of the unknown sample against a standard or a series of colored standards of known concentrations.

A

Calorimeter

45
Q

Type of photometric instrument that provides information about the intensity of radiation as a function of wavelength or frequency

A

Spectrometer

46
Q

Types of spectrometer

A
  • Single-beam

- Double-beam

47
Q

Type of spectrometer that uses one measurement at a time at one specified wavelength

A

Single-beam Spectrophotometer

48
Q

A type of spectrometer that slipts of chops the monochromatic beam of radiation into two components

A

Double-beam Spectrophotometer

49
Q

components of double-beam spectrophotometer

A
  • Space Design

- Time instrument

50
Q

Component of double-beam spectrophotometer that uses two photodetectors: one for the sample beam and one for reference beam

A

Space Design

51
Q

A principle of instumentation where the amount of a substance present can be measured as an indirect function of the reflected light.

A

Reflectometry

52
Q

Types of Relfectance

A
  • Specular

- Diffuse

53
Q

Type of reflectance that occurs on a polished surface

A

Specular

54
Q

Type of Reflectance that occurs on non polished surface

A

Diffuse

55
Q

Components of Reflectometer

A
  • Light Source
  • Monochromatic Filter
  • Slit
  • Lens
  • Photodetector
  • Read Out Device
56
Q

A principle of intrumentation that is based on an energy exchange process that occurs when certain compounds absorb electromagnetic radiation, BECOME EXCITED, and return to an energy level lower than or equal to their original level.

Also known as?

A

Flourometry or Molecular Luminescene

57
Q

Components of Flourometer

A
  • Light Source
  • Primary Filter
  • Cuvet
  • Secondary Filter
  • Photodetector
  • Read Out Device
58
Q

Types of Light Scatter in Nephelometry

A

Symmetrical and Forward

59
Q

A type of light scatter that the wavelength is larger than diameter of particle

A

Forward

60
Q

A type of light scatter that the wavelength is smaller than diameter of particle

A

Symmetrical

61
Q

A principle of intsrumentation that detects light that is scattered at various angles; scattered light yields a small signal that must be amplified.

A

Nephelometry

62
Q

TRUE OF FALSE

If wavelength is the same as the diameter of the particle, more forward scatter than other directions

A

TRUE

63
Q

Components of Nephelometer

A 
Light  source 
Collimator 
Monochromator 
Cuvet 
Stray  light strap 
Photodetector
64
Q

A principle of instrumentation that is the measurement of the reduction in light transmission caused by particle formation

A

Turbidimetry

65
Q

A principle of instrumentation that is based on light refraction.

A

Refractometry

66
Q

TRUE OF FALSE.

Refractometry is the direct measurement of total solute concentration.

A

FALSE. Indirect.

67
Q

Refractometry is dependent on:

A
  • wavelength if light
  • temperature
  • nature of liquid or medium
  • concentration of solute dissolved
68
Q

A principle of instrumentation that is based on measuring changes in the coligative properties of solutions that occur owing to variations in particle concentration

A

Osmometry

69
Q

What happens of osmolarity increases?

We are freezing point and
vapor pressure.

A

Osmotic Pressure INCREASES
Boiling Point is ELEVATED
Freezing Point is DEPRESSED
Vapor Pressure is DEPRESSED

70
Q

A principle of instrumentation that whenever each particle passes single file through a laser light source, it produces a characteristic light pattern that is measured b y multiple detectors for scattered light and fluorescent light.

A

Flow Cytometry

71
Q

Any object flowing through the instrument

A

Particle

72
Q

Anything that is interpreted by the instrument to be a single particle

A

Event

73
Q

A principle of instrumentation that involves measurement of the current or voltage generated

A

Electrochemistry

74
Q

Electrochemistry includes:

A
  • Potentiometry
  • Coulometry
  • Voltametry
  • Amperometry
75
Q

Measurement of potential (voltage)

A

Potentiometry

76
Q

Measures the quantity of electricity (in coulombs)

A

Coulometry

77
Q

Potential is applied to an electrochemical cell and current is measured

A

Voltametry

78
Q

Measurement of the current flow produced by an oxidation-reduction reaction

A

Amperometry

79
Q

A principle of instrumentation that includes the application of:

  • monitoring water purity
  • blood analyte measurement
  • component detectors in HPLC, GC, Cell counters and capillary electrophoresis.
A

Conductance

80
Q

A principle of instrumentation that is based on the change in electrical resistance across an aperture.

Who developed this?

A

Impedance by Wallace Coulter

81
Q

A principle of instrumentation where the separation of charged compounds is based on their electrical charge

A

Electrophoresis and Densitometry

82
Q

Cations

A

Cathode

83
Q

Anions

A

Anode

84
Q

A principle of instrumentation where separating molecules migrate through a pH gradient

A

Isoelectric focusing

85
Q

Isoelectric Focusing is useful is measuring:

A
  • serum ACP isoenzymes
  • CK isoenzymes
  • ALP
  • Oligoclonal bands in CSF
86
Q

A principle of instrumentation where the separation method is based on different interactions of the specimen compounds with the mobile phase and with the stat ionary phase as the compounds travel through a support medium

A

Chromatography

87
Q

A principle of instrumentation that is based in fragmentation and ionization of molecules using a suitable source of energy

A

Mass Spectrometry

88
Q

TRUE OF FALSE.

In general analytic methods, chemicals must meet the specifications of ACS

A

TRUE

89
Q

Proper chemical selection and reagent preparation guideline is provided by:

A

CAP

90
Q

Classifications of chemicals

A
  • Analytic grade
  • Spectograde, nanograde and HPLC grade
  • Pharmaceutical chemicals
91
Q

Pharmaceutical chemicals undergoes the specifications under:

A

United States of Pharmacopeia (USP), National Formulary (NF) and The Food Chemical Index

92
Q

A classification of chemical that is routinely used

A

Analytic Grade

93
Q

A classification of chemicals that is ultra-pure and has high standards of purity

A

Spectograde, nanograde and HPLC grade

94
Q

IUPAC

A

International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry

95
Q

What is the purest type of water

A

Type I

96
Q

IUPAC grades and name

A 
Grade A - Atomic weight standard
Grade B - Ultimate standard
Grade C - Primary standard 
Grade D - Working standard
Grade E -Secondary substance
97
Q

Purification methods of water

A

Distillation
Reverse osmosis
Deionization

98
Q

liquid is vaporized and condensed

A

Distillation

99
Q

water is forced through a semipermeable membrane that acts as a molecular filter

A

Reverse Osmosis

100
Q

passing water through insoluble resin polymers that contain anion- or cation-exchange resins

A

Deionization

101
Q

Types of balances

A
  • Unequal - Arm Substitution Balances
  • Magnetic Force Restoration Balance
  • TUP - Loading Balance
  • Electronic Balances
102
Q

Types of Laboratory Glassware

A 
Thermal resistant glass
Alumina silicate glass
Acid and alkali resistant glass
Low actinic glassware
Flint glass
103
Q

Examples of laboratory plasticware

A 
Polypropylene 
Polyethylene  
Teflon
Polycarbonate  
Polystyrene
104
Q

Categories of pipets

A

Transfer and Measuring

105
Q

Subclassifications of pipets

A

To contain
To deliver
To blow-out

106
Q

Types of liquid in glass thermometers

A

Total and partial immersion

107
Q

What includes the general analytic methods?

A
  • Chemicals
  • Water
  • Balances
  • Laboratory Glassware
  • Laboratory Plasticware
  • Pipets
  • Thermometers
108
Q

Component of double-beam spectrophotometer that uses one photodetector and alternately passes the monochromatic radiation

A

Time Instrument

Lab Man (9 decks)

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