Chapter 4 - Principles Of Instrumentation Flashcards
1
Q
What are the principles of instrumentation?
A
- Spectrophotometry
- Reflectometry
- Flourometry
- Nephelometry
- Turbidimetry
- Refractometry
- Osmometry
- Flow Cytometry
- Electrochemistry
- Conductance
- Impedance
- Electrophoresis and Densitometry
- Isoelectric Focusing
- Chromatography
- Mass Spectrometry
3
Q
Fundamental principles of absorption spectrometry.
It was developed by?
A
Spectrophotometery: Beer’s Law
By Beer and Lambert
4
Q
What are the concentration of substances being measured for spectrophotometry?
A
Absorbance and Transmittance
5
Q
The amount of light absorbed
A
Absorbance
6
Q
The logarithm of transmitted light
A
Transmittance
7
Q
Components of Spectrophotometer
A
- Light source
- Entrance Slit
- Monochromator
- Exit slit
- Cuvet
- Photodetector
- Read out device
8
Q
provides the energy that the sample will modify.
It is also known as?
A
Light Source or Exciter Lamp
9
Q
Emits radiation that changes in intensity very slowly as a function of wavelength
A
Continuum
10
Q
Emit a limited number of discrete lines or bands of radiation
A
Line
11
Q
Types of light source
A
Continuum and Line
12
Q
Element that is the visible region of EMS
A
Tungsten
13
Q
Element that provides UV radiation
A
Deutrium
14
Q
Element that covers both UV and VR
A
Xenon
15
Q
Kind of lamp that provides sharp lines in the UV and VR.
Used in several spectrophotometers
A
Mercury and Sodium Vapor Lamps
16
Q
Component of spectrophotometer that excludes unwanted stray light.
A
Entrance Slit
17
Q
Any light that impinges upon the detector that does not originate from a polychromatic light source.
A
Stray Light
18
Q
Component of spectrophotometer that is used to select the appropriate wavelength
A
Monochromator
19
Q
Types of monochromator
A
- Filters
- Prism
- Grating monochromators
- Holographic gratings
20
Q
Types of filters
A
Pre sample filter and
post sample filters
21
Q
Type of filter that limits the wavelengths of light that enter the sample
A
Pre-sample Filters
22
Q
Type of filter that allows multi-wavelength light to pass through the sample
A
Post-sample Filter
23
Q
Types of pre-sample filters
A
Absorption and Interference Filters
24
Q
Type of pre sample filter that allows only limited domain of this spectrum to pass through the sample
A
Absorption Filters
25
Q
Type of pre sample filter that enters magnesium fluoride chamber
A
Interference Filter
26
Component of Spectrophotometer that controls width of light beam
Exit Slit
27
Total range of wavelengths transmitted
Bandpass
28
Component of Spectrophotometer that is made of material that is transparent to radiation in the spectral region of interest.
It is also known as?
Cuvet or Sample Container
29
Component of Spectrophotometer that converts transmitted radiant energy into an equivalent amount of electrical energy
Photodetector
30
Types of Photodetector
- Photomultiplier Tubes (PMTs)
- Photovoltaic
- Vacuum Phototubes
- Silicon Diode Transducers
- Multichannel Photon Transducers
31
Most common type of Photodetector.
| Highly sensitive to UV and VR
Photomultiplier Tubes (PMTs)
32
Type of photodetector that is used for measuring radiation in visible region.
Photovoltaic
33
Type of photodetector that has a semicylindrical cathode and wire anode sealed
Vacuum Phototubes
34
Type of photodetector that contains positive and negative charged semi-conductive materials.
Silicon Diode Transducers
35
Type of photodetector that consist of an array of small photoelectricsensitive elements
Multichannel Photon Transducers
36
Component of Spectrophotometer that indicates the amount of light passing through a sample.
It is also known as?
Read out device or Signal Processors
37
What are the parameters of Quality Control?
- Wavelength
- Absorbance
- Linearity
- Stray Light
38
A parameter of QC that Monitored by using special glass type optical filters.
Wavelength
39
A parameter of QC that use glass filters or solutions that have known substance or absorbance
Absorbance
40
A parameter of QC that yield a linear relationship between radiant power and concentration.
Linearity
41
A parameter of QC that is evaluated by using special cutoff filters
Stray Light
42
Types of Photometric Instruments
- Spectroscope
- Calorimeter
- Spectrometer
43
Type of photometric instrument that is used for visual identification of atomic emission lines
Spectroscope
44
Type of photometric instrument that uses human eye as detector and compares the observed color of the unknown sample against a standard or a series of colored standards of known concentrations.
Calorimeter
45
Type of photometric instrument that provides information about the intensity of radiation as a function of wavelength or frequency
Spectrometer
46
Types of spectrometer
- Single-beam
| - Double-beam
47
Type of spectrometer that uses one measurement at a time at one specified wavelength
Single-beam Spectrophotometer
48
A type of spectrometer that slipts of chops the monochromatic beam of radiation into two components
Double-beam Spectrophotometer
49
components of double-beam spectrophotometer
- Space Design
| - Time instrument
50
Component of double-beam spectrophotometer that uses two photodetectors: one for the sample beam and one for reference beam
Space Design
51
A principle of instumentation where the amount of a substance present can be measured as an indirect function of the reflected light.
Reflectometry
52
Types of Relfectance
- Specular
| - Diffuse
53
Type of reflectance that occurs on a polished surface
Specular
54
Type of Reflectance that occurs on non polished surface
Diffuse
55
Components of Reflectometer
- Light Source
- Monochromatic Filter
- Slit
- Lens
- Photodetector
- Read Out Device
56
A principle of intrumentation that is based on an energy exchange process that occurs when certain compounds absorb electromagnetic radiation, BECOME EXCITED, and return to an energy level lower than or equal to their original level.
Also known as?
Flourometry or Molecular Luminescene
57
Components of Flourometer
- Light Source
- Primary Filter
- Cuvet
- Secondary Filter
- Photodetector
- Read Out Device
58
Types of Light Scatter in Nephelometry
Symmetrical and Forward
59
A type of light scatter that the wavelength is larger than diameter of particle
Forward
60
A type of light scatter that the wavelength is smaller than diameter of particle
Symmetrical
61
A principle of intsrumentation that detects light that is scattered at various angles; scattered light yields a small signal that must be amplified.
Nephelometry
62
TRUE OF FALSE
If wavelength is the same as the diameter of the particle, more forward scatter than other directions
TRUE
63
Components of Nephelometer
```
Light source
Collimator
Monochromator
Cuvet
Stray light strap
Photodetector
```
64
A principle of instrumentation that is the measurement of the reduction in light transmission caused by particle formation
Turbidimetry
65
A principle of instrumentation that is based on light refraction.
Refractometry
66
TRUE OF FALSE.
Refractometry is the direct measurement of total solute concentration.
FALSE. Indirect.
67
Refractometry is dependent on:
- wavelength if light
- temperature
- nature of liquid or medium
- concentration of solute dissolved
68
A principle of instrumentation that is based on measuring changes in the coligative properties of solutions that occur owing to variations in particle concentration
Osmometry
69
What happens of osmolarity increases?
We are freezing point and
vapor pressure.
Osmotic Pressure INCREASES
Boiling Point is ELEVATED
Freezing Point is DEPRESSED
Vapor Pressure is DEPRESSED
70
A principle of instrumentation that whenever each particle passes single file through a laser light source, it produces a characteristic light pattern that is measured b y multiple detectors for scattered light and fluorescent light.
Flow Cytometry
71
Any object flowing through the instrument
Particle
72
Anything that is interpreted by the instrument to be a single particle
Event
73
A principle of instrumentation that involves measurement of the current or voltage generated
Electrochemistry
74
Electrochemistry includes:
- Potentiometry
- Coulometry
- Voltametry
- Amperometry
75
Measurement of potential (voltage)
Potentiometry
76
Measures the quantity of electricity (in coulombs)
Coulometry
77
Potential is applied to an electrochemical cell and current is measured
Voltametry
78
Measurement of the current flow produced by an oxidation-reduction reaction
Amperometry
79
A principle of instrumentation that includes the application of:
- monitoring water purity
- blood analyte measurement
- component detectors in HPLC, GC, Cell counters and capillary electrophoresis.
Conductance
80
A principle of instrumentation that is based on the change in electrical resistance across an aperture.
Who developed this?
Impedance by Wallace Coulter
81
A principle of instrumentation where the separation of charged compounds is based on their electrical charge
Electrophoresis and Densitometry
82
Cations
Cathode
83
Anions
Anode
84
A principle of instrumentation where separating molecules migrate through a pH gradient
Isoelectric focusing
85
Isoelectric Focusing is useful is measuring:
- serum ACP isoenzymes
- CK isoenzymes
- ALP
- Oligoclonal bands in CSF
86
A principle of instrumentation where the separation method is based on different interactions of the specimen compounds with the mobile phase and with the stat ionary phase as the compounds travel through a support medium
Chromatography
87
A principle of instrumentation that is based in fragmentation and ionization of molecules using a suitable source of energy
Mass Spectrometry
88
TRUE OF FALSE.
In general analytic methods, chemicals must meet the specifications of ACS
TRUE
89
Proper chemical selection and reagent preparation guideline is provided by:
CAP
90
Classifications of chemicals
- Analytic grade
- Spectograde, nanograde and HPLC grade
- Pharmaceutical chemicals
91
Pharmaceutical chemicals undergoes the specifications under:
United States of Pharmacopeia (USP), National Formulary (NF) and The Food Chemical Index
92
A classification of chemical that is routinely used
Analytic Grade
93
A classification of chemicals that is ultra-pure and has high standards of purity
Spectograde, nanograde and HPLC grade
94
IUPAC
International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry
95
What is the purest type of water
Type I
96
IUPAC grades and name
```
Grade A - Atomic weight standard
Grade B - Ultimate standard
Grade C - Primary standard
Grade D - Working standard
Grade E -Secondary substance
```
97
Purification methods of water
Distillation
Reverse osmosis
Deionization
98
liquid is vaporized and condensed
Distillation
99
water is forced through a semipermeable membrane that acts as a molecular filter
Reverse Osmosis
100
passing water through insoluble resin polymers that contain anion- or cation-exchange resins
Deionization
101
Types of balances
* Unequal - Arm Substitution Balances
* Magnetic Force Restoration Balance
* TUP - Loading Balance
* Electronic Balances
102
Types of Laboratory Glassware
```
Thermal resistant glass
Alumina silicate glass
Acid and alkali resistant glass
Low actinic glassware
Flint glass
```
103
Examples of laboratory plasticware
```
Polypropylene
Polyethylene
Teflon
Polycarbonate
Polystyrene
```
104
Categories of pipets
Transfer and Measuring
105
Subclassifications of pipets
To contain
To deliver
To blow-out
106
Types of liquid in glass thermometers
Total and partial immersion
107
What includes the general analytic methods?
- Chemicals
- Water
- Balances
- Laboratory Glassware
- Laboratory Plasticware
- Pipets
- Thermometers
108
Component of double-beam spectrophotometer that uses one photodetector and alternately passes the monochromatic radiation
Time Instrument
