Chapter 4 Perceiving Persons Flashcards
overgeneralization hypothesis
We infer personality characteristics based on similarity if ones appear with learned associations
A common example of over generalization
Baby face
Truth bias
Preference to think people are telling the truth
Which emotions are universal
Happy, sad, anger, disgust
When is it easier to understand more complicated emotions
When the person is of the same race
Face in the crowd effect
Threatening or angry faces are detected more efficiently among a crowd than happy faces
Why are we able to identify threatening faces more efficiently
Because it indicates threat and important for us to detect to avoid and respond quickly
Theory of mind
Perceiving minds in others
Attribution theory
Observing and analyzing others to explain their behaviour to understand why they do what they do
Personal/intrinsic
Internal reasonings. Ex: anger person
Situational/extrinsic
The environment or external causes of behaviour
Fundamental attribution error
Tendency to overlook the impact of a situation and attribute someone’s actions to his or her disposition
Perceived factors: motivation
Our goals/ beliefs influence how we perceive others
Perceived factors: belief
People believe in a just world. People get what they deserve
Perceive factors: emotions
Current mood can also shift people’s attributions
Why do people stereotype when they’re happy
Takes less efforts rely on characteristics and wants to stay happy
Negativity bias
The tendency for negative information to a more heavily on our impressions and positive information
Primacy effect
Learning about some traits first influence how all subsequent traits are perceived
Confirmation bias
Once first impression formed, people have the tendency to look for information to confirm that impression rather than to disconfirm
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Process by which our expectations about a person lead to that person behaving in a way that confirm our expectations
Emotional overgeneralization
Basing your view on a person based on how their face sits (resting “angry” face )
Deception detection
Cannot tell is someone is lying
According to the video, “Should you trust your first impression?,” which of the following has the most impact on our first impressions?
Negative and highly immoral
According to the video, “Why Some People Find Exercise Harder Than Others,” fit people ____________ compared to unfit people.
Sees distances as shorter
According to the study conducted by Bernstein and colleagues (2008), who is best able to tell the difference between a real and a fake smile?
Socially excluded people
The tendency to think that victims of hurricanes are irresponsible and naive for not evacuating their homes before the storm hits is most likely to result from which of the following tendencies?
Belief in a just world
In Darley & Gross’ (1983) famous “Hannah” study
participants thought “rich” Hannah had greater potential
Two step process of impressions
1.form impressions (automatic)
2. Update impressions for context (takes effort and needs to be willing to do this )
Two dimensions of perception
Intentions/trustworthiness
Abilit /competence/dominance
How do We evaluate others when it comes to intentions and trustworthiness
To see if they are friendly, trustworthy, warm, their attractiveness. Threat, good or bad intentions
How do we evaluate others when it comes to ability competence and dominance
To see if they are able to act on their intentions, physically strong, competent, dominant, intelligent
Social Perception
The processes by which people come to understand one another
Mind perception
The process by which people attribute human-like mental states to various animate and inanimate objects, including other people
