Chapter 3 The Social Self

Question 1

Self-Concept

Answer 1

The sum total of beliefs that people have about themselves

Question 2

Self-schema

Answer 2

Beliefs about oneself that guide the processing of self-relevant information.
How we would feel or act in certain situations.

Question 3

self-awareness

Answer 3

The knower aspect: act of thinking about ourselves

Question 4

Introspection

Answer 4

A process of looking inward at one’s own thoughts and feelings. Understanding your thoughts,feelings and behaviour.

Question 5

Affective forecasting

Answer 5

The process of predicting how one would feel in response to future emotional events.

Question 6

Impact bias

Answer 6

People OVERestimate strength and duration of their emotional reactions.

Question 7

Self-Perception Theory

Answer 7

When internal cues are difficult to interpret, people gain insight by observing their own behaviour

Question 8

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 8

Factors within a person that motivate behavior. Ex., doing something for personal interests, the challenge, or enjoyment

Question 9

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 9

Factors outside the person that motivate behavior. Ex., doing something for tangible benefit (money/grades/recognition), to fulfill an obligation, or to avoid punishment/penalty.

Question 10

Over justification effect

Answer 10

The tendency for intrinsic motivation to diminish for activities that have become associated with reward or other extrinsic factors.

Question 11

Social Comparison Theory

Answer 11

The theory that people evaluate their own abilities and opinions by comparing themselves to others. (Festinger, 1954).

Question 12

Self-esteem

Answer 12

An affective component of the self, consisting of a person’s positive and negative self-evaluations

Question 13

Self-discrepancy theory

Answer 13

According to Higgins (1987), our self-esteem is defined by the match or mismatch between how we see ourselves and how we want to see ourselves.
Actual self vs ought self vs ideal self

Question 14

Self-presentation

Answer 14

Enhancing the self to oneself and to others

Question 15

Strategic self-presentation

Answer 15

Consists of our efforts to shape others’ impressions in specific ways in order to gain influence, power, sympathy, or approval.

Question 16

Ingratiation

Answer 16

A term used to describe acts that are motivated by the desire to “get along” with others and be liked.

Question 17

Self-promotion

Answer 17

A term used to describe acts that are motivated by a desire to “get ahead” and gain respect for one’s competence.

Question 18

Self-verification

Answer 18

The desire to have others perceive us as we truly perceive ourselves. According to William Swann (1987), people are highly motivated in their social encounters to confirm or verify their existing self-concept in the eyes of others.

Question 19

Self-monitoring

Answer 19

(Mark Snyder, 1987), the tendency to regulate one’s own behavior to meet the demands of social situations.

Question 20

Favourable Self-Views / Above average effect

Answer 20

People see themselves as better than average on most positive dimensions (and things they personally value)

Question 21

Dunning-Kruger effect

Answer 21

People tend to overestimate own abilities - But some do it more than others

Participants with lowest scores on logic, humour, and grammar were the ones most likely to overestimate their own abilities

Question 22

Implicit Egotism

Answer 22

A non-conscious form of self-enhancement/ subtle expression of self-esteem.
We like stuff associated with the self

Question 23

Self-enhancement

Answer 23

4 major strategies we employ to feel better about themselves:
* Self-serving cognitions
* Self-handicapping
* BIRGing
* Downward social comparisons

Question 24

Self-Serving Cognitions

Answer 24

Intrinsic explanations for successes and extrinsic explanations for failures

Question 25

Self-handicapping

Answer 25

Behaviours that sabotage performance provide an excuse for failure (And therefore protect the self)

Question 26

Sandbagging

Answer 26

A paradoxical tactic used to reduce performance pressure where people play down their own ability, lower expectations, and publicly predict that they will fail

Question 27

Basking in Reflected Glory (BIRG)

Answer 27

To increase self-esteem by associating with others who are successful

Question 28

Cutting Off Reflected Failure (CORF)

Answer 28

Dissociating with others who are experiencing failure

Question 29

Downward Social Comparisons

Answer 29

The defensive tendency to compare ourselves with others who are worse off than we are

Question 30

Positive illusion may be adaptive

Answer 30

Individuals with depression are actually more accurate about their future probabilities, their own abilities, how others perceive them

Question 31

“Beliefs about the self that guide how we process self-relevant information” is the definition for which of the following terms?
Self-concept
Self-schemas
Self-esteem
Self-awareness

Answer 31

Self-schemas

Question 32

A person who frequently changes their behaviour in response to self-presentation concerns and situational factors is displaying a high level of…

Answer 32

self-monitoring

Question 33

Which of the following is higher self-esteem not associated with?
greater life satisfaction
greater intelligence
less anxiety
higher self-efficacy

Answer 33

greater intelligence

Question 34

According to the video, “Why incompetent people think they’re amazing,” who is the most likely to overestimate their abilities?
Unintelligent people
Arrogant people
Domain experts
All people do this

Answer 34

All people do this

Question 35

Which of the following types of comparisons do most people tend to make most of the time?
Downward social comparisons
Upward social comparisons
Lateral social comparisons
Non-social comparisons

Answer 35

Downward social comparisons

Question 36

Self awareness theory

Answer 36

Self-focused attention leads people to notice self-discrepancies, thereby motivating either an escape from self-awareness or a change in behaviour.