Chapter 4 - Nutrition

Question 1

requirement of or presence of oxygen to sustain biological process such as beta-oxidation

Answer 1

aerobic

Question 2

the recommended average daily intake level based on observed or experimentally determined approximations or estimates of nutrient intake by a group (or groups) of apparently healthy people that are assumed to be adequate - used when an RDA cannot be determined

Answer 2

adequate intake (AI)

Question 3

represents a range of intakes for a particular macronutrient associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases while providing adequate intake of essential nutrients

Answer 3

acceptable macronutrients distribution range (AMDR)

Question 4

living or biological processes that occur in the absence of oxygen

Answer 4

anaerobic

Question 5

dietary components present in small concentrations, such as vitamins C and E, which prevent or reduce the extent of oxidative damage of cellular components such as DNA and cell membranes by scavenging free radicals

Answer 5

antioxidants

Question 6

a set of reference values for specific nutrients that expands upon the former recommended dietary allowances (RDA), which includes the estimated average requirement (EAR), RDA, adequate intake (AI), and tolerable upper intake level (UL).

Answer 6

dietary reference intake (DRI)

Question 7

amino acids required for maintaining proper growth and development that are not synthesized in the body and therefore must be consumed in the diet. EAAs are also referred to as indispensible amino acids.

Answer 7

essential amino acid (EAA)

Question 8

essential nutrient refers to any nutrient, such as essential amino acids and fatty acids, necessary for normal body functions that is not synthesized in the body and must be consumed in the diet

Answer 8

essential nutrient

Question 9

average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirement for half of the healthy individuals of a particular gender or life stage

Answer 9

estimated average requirement (EAR)

Question 10

endogenous production of new glucose from nonglucose carbon precursors, such as amino acids, lactate, pyruvate, and glycerol, which occurs primarily in the liver and, to a lesser extent, the kidney

Answer 10

gluconeogenesis

Question 11

the rate at which ingestion of a food or food component, such as carbohydrate, increases blood glucose in comparison to a reference food, white bread in particular

Answer 11

glycemic index

Question 12

the release of glucose from liver and muscle glycogen to produce new glucose in the liver that is able to be circulated throughout the body or utilized for energy production in skeletal muscle in response to elevated glucagon and epinephrine levels

Answer 12

glycogenolysis

Question 13

the conversion of glucose to high-energy molecules (adenosine triphosphate and high-energy electron donors) as sources of cellular energy from aerobic and anaerobic metabolism

Answer 13

glycolysis

Question 14

organic energy-providing nutrients, which include carbohydrate, fat, and protein, consumed in large quantities in the diet

Answer 14

macronutrients