Chapter 1 - Anatomy Flashcards
Functional Anatomy
muscle or muscle group that is the prime mover for a joint action
agonist
the universally accepted reference position used to describe regions and spatial relationships of the human body and to make reference to body positions
anatomical position
muscle or muscle group that opposes the action of the prime movers (agonist)
antagonist
all of the bones that are found in the limbs of the body
appendicular skeleton
separate the atria from the ventricles. the right AV valve has three leaflets and is called the tricuspid valve. the left AV valve has two leaflets and is called the bicuspid (or mitral) valve.
atrioventricular valves (AV)
the act of listening to sounds of the body. a practitioner can use a stethoscope to assess blood pressure, heart rate, and heart and lung sounds by auscultation.
auscultation
the bones of the skeleton that form the central or supportive core, including the bones of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.
axial skeleton
specialized proteins found within muscle cells that interact with one another to cause muslce for production. the major contractile proteins are actin and myosin
contractile proteins
the articulations between bones, typically classified according to structure as being fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial. synovial joints are the most common in the body.
joints
a single somatic motor neuron and the group of muscle fibers innervated by it
motor unit
the orientation of the muscle fibers to the longitudinal axis of the muslce. terms commonly used to describe muscle fiber architecture include fusiform (longitudinal) and pennate (unipennate, bipennate, and multipennate).
muscle fiber architecture
orthogonally arranged planes that divide the human body and can be used to describe various body movements. the three planes of motion are commonly known as the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes.
planes of motion
specialized proteins found within muscle cells that block the binding of the contractile proteins to one another and thus keep the muscle in a relaxed state. the regulatory proteins are troponin and tropomyosin.
regulatory proteins
the membrane formed by the walls of alveoli and capillaries as they come in contact with one another in the lungs. the respiratory membrane is where diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs within the lungs.
respiratory membrane
muscle or muslce group that assists the agonist in performing a joint action
synergist
the act of breathing in (inspiration) and out (expiration) so that oxygen can be exchanged for carbon dioxide in the alveoli. (exchange of air)
ventilation
the place where the apical pulse is palpated as strongest, often in the fifth intercostal space of the thorax, just medial to the left midclavicular line.
point of maximal intensity (PMI)
the heart is covered by a double-walled, loose-fitting membranous sac
pericardium
the thin serous layer, called the visceral pericardium, adheres to the fibrous layer of the parietal pericardium and forms a tight covering over the heart surface
epicardium
between the parietal and visceral layers
pericardial cavity
the pericardial cavity contains fluid which acts as a lubricant and reduces friction between the membranes during contraction
pericardial fluid
the thickest layer of tissue in the heart
myocardium
inner layer of the myocardium is lined with a thin layer of endothelium and is the innermost lining of the walls of the various heart chambers as well as the heart valves
endocardium
separates the the ventricles from the aorta and pulmonary artery trunk
semilunar valves
specialized fast-conducting cells that allow rapid conduction to the ventricles. this rapid conduction allows the ventricles to contract at approximately the same time.
Purkinje fibers
carries blood away from the heart
artery
consists of the endothelium and a thin connective tissue basement membrane, the only layer common to all of the blood vessels.
tunica intima
the middle layer of smooth muscle fibers and elastic fibers, can be influenced by neural control (parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves), hormones, or local factors that can cause them to vasoconstrict or vasodilate
tunica media
the external elastic lamina separates the tunica media from the outermost layer of connective tissue, that helps attach vessels to surrounding tissues
tunica adventitia (externa)
the part of respiratory system made up of the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles; their function is to filter, warm, and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs. It consists of a series of interconnecting cavities and tubes both outside and within the lungs. It is composed of the 1st through the 16th division of the respiratory tract.
conducting zone
the site where gas exchange occurs; respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
respiratory zone
the ends of the bone
epiphysis
the main portion of a long bone
diaphysis (shaft)
a resilient, semirigid form of connective tissue that reduces friction in synovial joints and redistributes joint loads to wider area, thus decreasing stresses sustained by the contacting joint surfaces
articular cartilage
the region of mature bone where the diaphysis joins the epiphyses
metaphysis
in an immature bone, a hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at the end of each long bone
epiphyseal plate (growth plate)
the space inside the diaphysis
medullary (marrow) cavity
lining the marrow cavity and contains cells necessary for bone development
endosteum
membrane around the surface of bones that are note covered with articular cartilage; composed of two layers, an outer fibrous layer and inner higher vascular layer that contains cells for the creation of new bone
periosteum
contains few spaces and forms the external layer of all bones of the body and large portion of the diaphysis of the long bones, where it provides support for bearing weight
compact bone
consists of a three-dimensional lattice composed of beams or struts of bone called trabeculae
spongy bone
tough, fibrous connective tissues that anchor bone to bone
ligament
the degree of movement at a joint
range of motion
the ROM that can be reached by voluntary movement
active ROM
the ROM that can be achieved by external means
passive ROM
muscle attached mainly to bones and is responsible for movement, stabilizing the body, load distribution, shock absorption, and heat generation
skeletal muscle
the outermost layer surrounding the whole muscle
epimysium
bundles of muscle fibers
fascicles
layer of connective tissue surrounding each fascicle
perimysium
layer of connective tissue that envelops individual muscle fibers
endomysium
the true cell boundary and encloses the cellular contents of the muscle fiber, nuclei, local stores of fat, glucose, enzymes, contractile proteins, and other specialized structures such as the mitochondria
sarcolemma
dense cords of connective tissue that attach a muscle to the periosteum of the bone
tendon
flat and broad tendon that provides mechanical link between skeletal muscle and bone
aponeurosis
muscle fibers run in line with the pull of the muscle
parallel (fusiform)
muscle fibers that run obliquely or at an angle to the line of pull
pennate
muscle fibers are located on only one side of the tendon
unipennate
muscle fibers are located on both sides of a centrally positioned tendon
bipennate
two or more fasciculi are attached obliquely and combine to form one muscle
multipennate
muscle that causes movement at one joint
uniarticular
muscles that cross more than one joint
biarticular
muscle that crosses at least three joints
multiarticular
the contact between the actin and myosin filaments; controls shortening and lengthening of muscles during contraction
crossbridging
single, brief muscle contraction caused by a single action potential traveling down a motor neuron
twitch
the addition of individual twitch contractions to increase the intensity of the overall muscle force
summation
the maximal amount of force the motor unit can develop
tetanus
the attachment that is more stationary and usually more proximal
origin
the muscle attachment that moves the most and is usually located more distally
insertion
the result of neuromuscular activation that leads to the production of force and contributes to the movement or the stabilization of the musculoskeletal system
muscle action
the muscle generates force in the absence of joint movement, such as holding a dumbbell during a biceps curl without movement
isometric (or static) action
an action in which the muscle length changes
anisometric
the muscle torque being generated exceeds the torque of the resistance force and the muscle shortens in length
concentric action
the torque generated by the muscle is less than the torque of the resistance force being encountered
eccentric action
