Chapter 1 - Anatomy

Question 1

muscle or muscle group that is the prime mover for a joint action

Answer 1

agonist

Question 2

the universally accepted reference position used to describe regions and spatial relationships of the human body and to make reference to body positions

Answer 2

anatomical position

Question 3

muscle or muscle group that opposes the action of the prime movers (agonist)

Answer 3

antagonist

Question 4

all of the bones that are found in the limbs of the body

Answer 4

appendicular skeleton

Question 5

separate the atria from the ventricles. the right AV valve has three leaflets and is called the tricuspid valve. the left AV valve has two leaflets and is called the bicuspid (or mitral) valve.

Answer 5

atrioventricular valves (AV)

Question 6

the act of listening to sounds of the body. a practitioner can use a stethoscope to assess blood pressure, heart rate, and heart and lung sounds by auscultation.

Answer 6

auscultation

Question 7

the bones of the skeleton that form the central or supportive core, including the bones of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

Answer 7

axial skeleton

Question 8

specialized proteins found within muscle cells that interact with one another to cause muslce for production. the major contractile proteins are actin and myosin

Answer 8

contractile proteins

Question 9

the articulations between bones, typically classified according to structure as being fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial. synovial joints are the most common in the body.

Answer 9

joints

Question 10

a single somatic motor neuron and the group of muscle fibers innervated by it

Answer 10

motor unit

Question 11

the orientation of the muscle fibers to the longitudinal axis of the muslce. terms commonly used to describe muscle fiber architecture include fusiform (longitudinal) and pennate (unipennate, bipennate, and multipennate).

Answer 11

muscle fiber architecture

Question 12

orthogonally arranged planes that divide the human body and can be used to describe various body movements. the three planes of motion are commonly known as the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes.

Answer 12

planes of motion

Question 13

specialized proteins found within muscle cells that block the binding of the contractile proteins to one another and thus keep the muscle in a relaxed state. the regulatory proteins are troponin and tropomyosin.

Answer 13

regulatory proteins

Question 14

the membrane formed by the walls of alveoli and capillaries as they come in contact with one another in the lungs. the respiratory membrane is where diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs within the lungs.

Answer 14

respiratory membrane

Question 15

muscle or muslce group that assists the agonist in performing a joint action

Answer 15

synergist

Question 16

the act of breathing in (inspiration) and out (expiration) so that oxygen can be exchanged for carbon dioxide in the alveoli. (exchange of air)

Answer 16

ventilation

Question 17

the place where the apical pulse is palpated as strongest, often in the fifth intercostal space of the thorax, just medial to the left midclavicular line.

Answer 17

point of maximal intensity (PMI)

Question 18

the heart is covered by a double-walled, loose-fitting membranous sac

Answer 18

pericardium

Question 19

the thin serous layer, called the visceral pericardium, adheres to the fibrous layer of the parietal pericardium and forms a tight covering over the heart surface

Answer 19

epicardium

Question 20

between the parietal and visceral layers

Answer 20

pericardial cavity

Question 21

the pericardial cavity contains fluid which acts as a lubricant and reduces friction between the membranes during contraction

Answer 21

pericardial fluid

Question 22

the thickest layer of tissue in the heart

Answer 22

myocardium

Question 23

inner layer of the myocardium is lined with a thin layer of endothelium and is the innermost lining of the walls of the various heart chambers as well as the heart valves

Answer 23

endocardium

Question 24

separates the the ventricles from the aorta and pulmonary artery trunk

Answer 24

semilunar valves

Question 25

specialized fast-conducting cells that allow rapid conduction to the ventricles. this rapid conduction allows the ventricles to contract at approximately the same time.

Answer 25

Purkinje fibers

Question 26

carries blood away from the heart

Answer 26

artery

Question 27

consists of the endothelium and a thin connective tissue basement membrane, the only layer common to all of the blood vessels.

Answer 27

tunica intima

Question 28

the middle layer of smooth muscle fibers and elastic fibers, can be influenced by neural control (parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves), hormones, or local factors that can cause them to vasoconstrict or vasodilate

Answer 28

tunica media

Question 29

the external elastic lamina separates the tunica media from the outermost layer of connective tissue, that helps attach vessels to surrounding tissues

Answer 29

tunica adventitia (externa)

Question 30

the part of respiratory system made up of the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles; their function is to filter, warm, and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs. It consists of a series of interconnecting cavities and tubes both outside and within the lungs. It is composed of the 1st through the 16th division of the respiratory tract.

Answer 30

conducting zone

Question 31

the site where gas exchange occurs; respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

Answer 31

respiratory zone

Question 32

the ends of the bone

Answer 32

epiphysis

Question 33

the main portion of a long bone

Answer 33

diaphysis (shaft)

Question 34

a resilient, semirigid form of connective tissue that reduces friction in synovial joints and redistributes joint loads to wider area, thus decreasing stresses sustained by the contacting joint surfaces

Answer 34

articular cartilage

Question 35

the region of mature bone where the diaphysis joins the epiphyses

Answer 35

metaphysis

Question 36

in an immature bone, a hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at the end of each long bone

Answer 36

epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

Question 37

the space inside the diaphysis

Answer 37

medullary (marrow) cavity

Question 38

lining the marrow cavity and contains cells necessary for bone development

Answer 38

endosteum

Question 39

membrane around the surface of bones that are note covered with articular cartilage; composed of two layers, an outer fibrous layer and inner higher vascular layer that contains cells for the creation of new bone

Answer 39

periosteum

Question 40

contains few spaces and forms the external layer of all bones of the body and large portion of the diaphysis of the long bones, where it provides support for bearing weight

Answer 40

compact bone

Question 41

consists of a three-dimensional lattice composed of beams or struts of bone called trabeculae

Answer 41

spongy bone

Question 42

tough, fibrous connective tissues that anchor bone to bone

Answer 42

ligament

Question 43

the degree of movement at a joint

Answer 43

range of motion

Question 44

the ROM that can be reached by voluntary movement

Answer 44

active ROM

Question 45

the ROM that can be achieved by external means

Answer 45

passive ROM

Question 46

muscle attached mainly to bones and is responsible for movement, stabilizing the body, load distribution, shock absorption, and heat generation

Answer 46

skeletal muscle

Question 47

the outermost layer surrounding the whole muscle

Answer 47

epimysium

Question 48

bundles of muscle fibers

Answer 48

fascicles

Question 49

layer of connective tissue surrounding each fascicle

Answer 49

perimysium

Question 50

layer of connective tissue that envelops individual muscle fibers

Answer 50

endomysium

Question 51

the true cell boundary and encloses the cellular contents of the muscle fiber, nuclei, local stores of fat, glucose, enzymes, contractile proteins, and other specialized structures such as the mitochondria

Answer 51

sarcolemma

Question 52

dense cords of connective tissue that attach a muscle to the periosteum of the bone

Answer 52

tendon

Question 53

flat and broad tendon that provides mechanical link between skeletal muscle and bone

Answer 53

aponeurosis

Question 54

muscle fibers run in line with the pull of the muscle

Answer 54

parallel (fusiform)

Question 55

muscle fibers that run obliquely or at an angle to the line of pull

Answer 55

pennate

Question 56

muscle fibers are located on only one side of the tendon

Answer 56

unipennate

Question 57

muscle fibers are located on both sides of a centrally positioned tendon

Answer 57

bipennate

Question 58

two or more fasciculi are attached obliquely and combine to form one muscle

Answer 58

multipennate

Question 59

muscle that causes movement at one joint

Answer 59

uniarticular

Question 60

muscles that cross more than one joint

Answer 60

biarticular

Question 61

muscle that crosses at least three joints

Answer 61

multiarticular

Question 62

the contact between the actin and myosin filaments; controls shortening and lengthening of muscles during contraction

Answer 62

crossbridging

Question 63

single, brief muscle contraction caused by a single action potential traveling down a motor neuron

Answer 63

twitch

Question 64

the addition of individual twitch contractions to increase the intensity of the overall muscle force

Answer 64

summation

Question 65

the maximal amount of force the motor unit can develop

Answer 65

tetanus

Question 66

the attachment that is more stationary and usually more proximal

Answer 66

origin

Question 67

the muscle attachment that moves the most and is usually located more distally

Answer 67

insertion

Question 68

the result of neuromuscular activation that leads to the production of force and contributes to the movement or the stabilization of the musculoskeletal system

Answer 68

muscle action

Question 69

the muscle generates force in the absence of joint movement, such as holding a dumbbell during a biceps curl without movement

Answer 69

isometric (or static) action

Question 70

an action in which the muscle length changes

Answer 70

anisometric

Question 71

the muscle torque being generated exceeds the torque of the resistance force and the muscle shortens in length

Answer 71

concentric action

Question 72

the torque generated by the muscle is less than the torque of the resistance force being encountered

Answer 72

eccentric action