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ACSM Resource Manual > Chapter 1 - Anatomy > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Anatomy Flashcards

Functional Anatomy

1
Q

muscle or muscle group that is the prime mover for a joint action

A

agonist

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2
Q

the universally accepted reference position used to describe regions and spatial relationships of the human body and to make reference to body positions

A

anatomical position

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3
Q

muscle or muscle group that opposes the action of the prime movers (agonist)

A

antagonist

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4
Q

all of the bones that are found in the limbs of the body

A

appendicular skeleton

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5
Q

separate the atria from the ventricles. the right AV valve has three leaflets and is called the tricuspid valve. the left AV valve has two leaflets and is called the bicuspid (or mitral) valve.

A

atrioventricular valves (AV)

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6
Q

the act of listening to sounds of the body. a practitioner can use a stethoscope to assess blood pressure, heart rate, and heart and lung sounds by auscultation.

A

auscultation

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7
Q

the bones of the skeleton that form the central or supportive core, including the bones of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

A

axial skeleton

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8
Q

specialized proteins found within muscle cells that interact with one another to cause muslce for production. the major contractile proteins are actin and myosin

A

contractile proteins

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9
Q

the articulations between bones, typically classified according to structure as being fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial. synovial joints are the most common in the body.

A

joints

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10
Q

a single somatic motor neuron and the group of muscle fibers innervated by it

A

motor unit

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11
Q

the orientation of the muscle fibers to the longitudinal axis of the muslce. terms commonly used to describe muscle fiber architecture include fusiform (longitudinal) and pennate (unipennate, bipennate, and multipennate).

A

muscle fiber architecture

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12
Q

orthogonally arranged planes that divide the human body and can be used to describe various body movements. the three planes of motion are commonly known as the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes.

A

planes of motion

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13
Q

specialized proteins found within muscle cells that block the binding of the contractile proteins to one another and thus keep the muscle in a relaxed state. the regulatory proteins are troponin and tropomyosin.

A

regulatory proteins

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14
Q

the membrane formed by the walls of alveoli and capillaries as they come in contact with one another in the lungs. the respiratory membrane is where diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs within the lungs.

A

respiratory membrane

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15
Q

muscle or muslce group that assists the agonist in performing a joint action

A

synergist

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16
Q

the act of breathing in (inspiration) and out (expiration) so that oxygen can be exchanged for carbon dioxide in the alveoli. (exchange of air)

A

ventilation

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17
Q

the place where the apical pulse is palpated as strongest, often in the fifth intercostal space of the thorax, just medial to the left midclavicular line.

A

point of maximal intensity (PMI)

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18
Q

the heart is covered by a double-walled, loose-fitting membranous sac

A

pericardium

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19
Q

the thin serous layer, called the visceral pericardium, adheres to the fibrous layer of the parietal pericardium and forms a tight covering over the heart surface

A

epicardium

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20
Q

between the parietal and visceral layers

A

pericardial cavity

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21
Q

the pericardial cavity contains fluid which acts as a lubricant and reduces friction between the membranes during contraction

A

pericardial fluid

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22
Q

the thickest layer of tissue in the heart

A

myocardium

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23
Q

inner layer of the myocardium is lined with a thin layer of endothelium and is the innermost lining of the walls of the various heart chambers as well as the heart valves

A

endocardium

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24
Q

separates the the ventricles from the aorta and pulmonary artery trunk

A

semilunar valves

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25
Q

specialized fast-conducting cells that allow rapid conduction to the ventricles. this rapid conduction allows the ventricles to contract at approximately the same time.

A

Purkinje fibers

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26
Q

carries blood away from the heart

A

artery

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27
Q

consists of the endothelium and a thin connective tissue basement membrane, the only layer common to all of the blood vessels.

A

tunica intima

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28
Q

the middle layer of smooth muscle fibers and elastic fibers, can be influenced by neural control (parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves), hormones, or local factors that can cause them to vasoconstrict or vasodilate

A

tunica media

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29
Q

the external elastic lamina separates the tunica media from the outermost layer of connective tissue, that helps attach vessels to surrounding tissues

A

tunica adventitia (externa)

30
Q

the part of respiratory system made up of the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles; their function is to filter, warm, and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs. It consists of a series of interconnecting cavities and tubes both outside and within the lungs. It is composed of the 1st through the 16th division of the respiratory tract.

A

conducting zone

31
Q

the site where gas exchange occurs; respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

A

respiratory zone

32
Q

the ends of the bone

A

epiphysis

33
Q

the main portion of a long bone

A

diaphysis (shaft)

34
Q

a resilient, semirigid form of connective tissue that reduces friction in synovial joints and redistributes joint loads to wider area, thus decreasing stresses sustained by the contacting joint surfaces

A

articular cartilage

35
Q

the region of mature bone where the diaphysis joins the epiphyses

A

metaphysis

36
Q

in an immature bone, a hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at the end of each long bone

A

epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

37
Q

the space inside the diaphysis

A

medullary (marrow) cavity

38
Q

lining the marrow cavity and contains cells necessary for bone development

A

endosteum

39
Q

membrane around the surface of bones that are note covered with articular cartilage; composed of two layers, an outer fibrous layer and inner higher vascular layer that contains cells for the creation of new bone

A

periosteum

40
Q

contains few spaces and forms the external layer of all bones of the body and large portion of the diaphysis of the long bones, where it provides support for bearing weight

A

compact bone

41
Q

consists of a three-dimensional lattice composed of beams or struts of bone called trabeculae

A

spongy bone

42
Q

tough, fibrous connective tissues that anchor bone to bone

A

ligament

43
Q

the degree of movement at a joint

A

range of motion

44
Q

the ROM that can be reached by voluntary movement

A

active ROM

45
Q

the ROM that can be achieved by external means

A

passive ROM

46
Q

muscle attached mainly to bones and is responsible for movement, stabilizing the body, load distribution, shock absorption, and heat generation

A

skeletal muscle

47
Q

the outermost layer surrounding the whole muscle

A

epimysium

48
Q

bundles of muscle fibers

A

fascicles

49
Q

layer of connective tissue surrounding each fascicle

A

perimysium

50
Q

layer of connective tissue that envelops individual muscle fibers

A

endomysium

51
Q

the true cell boundary and encloses the cellular contents of the muscle fiber, nuclei, local stores of fat, glucose, enzymes, contractile proteins, and other specialized structures such as the mitochondria

A

sarcolemma

52
Q

dense cords of connective tissue that attach a muscle to the periosteum of the bone

A

tendon

53
Q

flat and broad tendon that provides mechanical link between skeletal muscle and bone

A

aponeurosis

54
Q

muscle fibers run in line with the pull of the muscle

A

parallel (fusiform)

55
Q

muscle fibers that run obliquely or at an angle to the line of pull

A

pennate

56
Q

muscle fibers are located on only one side of the tendon

A

unipennate

57
Q

muscle fibers are located on both sides of a centrally positioned tendon

A

bipennate

58
Q

two or more fasciculi are attached obliquely and combine to form one muscle

A

multipennate

59
Q

muscle that causes movement at one joint

A

uniarticular

60
Q

muscles that cross more than one joint

A

biarticular

61
Q

muscle that crosses at least three joints

A

multiarticular

62
Q

the contact between the actin and myosin filaments; controls shortening and lengthening of muscles during contraction

A

crossbridging

63
Q

single, brief muscle contraction caused by a single action potential traveling down a motor neuron

A

twitch

64
Q

the addition of individual twitch contractions to increase the intensity of the overall muscle force

A

summation

65
Q

the maximal amount of force the motor unit can develop

A

tetanus

66
Q

the attachment that is more stationary and usually more proximal

A

origin

67
Q

the muscle attachment that moves the most and is usually located more distally

A

insertion

68
Q

the result of neuromuscular activation that leads to the production of force and contributes to the movement or the stabilization of the musculoskeletal system

A

muscle action

69
Q

the muscle generates force in the absence of joint movement, such as holding a dumbbell during a biceps curl without movement

A

isometric (or static) action

70
Q

an action in which the muscle length changes

A

anisometric

71
Q

the muscle torque being generated exceeds the torque of the resistance force and the muscle shortens in length

A

concentric action

72
Q

the torque generated by the muscle is less than the torque of the resistance force being encountered

A

eccentric action

ACSM Resource Manual (14 decks)

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