Chapter 4 - History of Psych

Question 1

Behaviorism

Answer 1

The study of behaviour.

Question 2

Cognitive psychology

Answer 2

The study of mental processes.

Question 3

Consciousness:

Answer 3

Awareness of ourselves and our environment.

Question 4

Empiricism

Answer 4

The belief that knowledge comes from experience.

Question 5

Eugenics

Answer 5

The practice of selective breeding to promote desired traits.

Question 6

Flashbulb memory

Answer 6

A highly detailed and vivid memory of an emotionally significant event.

Question 7

Functionalism

Answer 7

A school of American psychology that focused on the utility of consciousness.

Question 8

Gestalt psychology

Answer 8

An attempt to study the unity of experience.

Question 9

Individual differences

Answer 9

Ways in which people differ in terms of their behaviour, emotion, cognition, and development.

Question 10

Introspection

Answer 10

A method of focusing on internal processes.

Question 11

Neural impulse

Answer 11

An electro-chemical signal that enables neurons to communicate.

Question 12

Practitioner-Scholar Model

Answer 12

A model of training of professional psychologists that emphasizes clinical practice.

Question 13

Psychophysics

Answer 13

Study of the relationships between physical stimuli and the perception of those stimuli.

Question 14

Realism

Answer 14

A point of view that emphasizes the importance of the senses in providing knowledge of the external world.

Question 15

Scientist-practitioner model

Answer 15

A model of training of professional psychologists that emphasizes the development of both research and clinical skills.

Question 16

Structuralism

Answer 16

A school of American psychology that sought to describe the elements of conscious experience.

Question 17

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Answer 17

The inability to pull a word from memory even though there is the sensation that that word is available.

Question 18

Who promoted empericism

Answer 18

John Lock and Thomas Reid

Question 19

Herman Von Helmholts

Answer 19

• Measured the speed of the neural impulse and explored the physiology of hearing and vision

*Indicated that our senses can deceive us and are not a mirror of the external world

*Mind could be measured using methods of science

• psychology was feasable

Question 20

Ernst Weber and Gustav Fechner

Answer 20

Study of the relationships between physical stimuli and the perception of those stimuli.

Question 21

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 21

• Helped to establish the field of experimental psychology by serving as a strong promoter of the idea that psychology could be an experimental field and by providing classes, textbooks, and a laboratory for training students

*1879: Popular date for the establishment of Psychology

• Demonstrated that the mind could be measured and the nature of consciousness could be revealed through scientific means

Question 22

Edward Bradford Titchener

Answer 22

*Student of Wundt

*Brought Structuralism to America

*Founded the Society of Experimental Psychologists

Question 23

Margret Floy Washburn

Answer 23

• Titchener’s first doctoral student

*First woman to earn Ph.D. in psych

*Second woman to be elected president of APA

Question 24

William James

Answer 24

*Wrote the most important and influential book in Psychology, “Principles of Psychology”, published in 1890

*Proposed that consciousness is ongoing and continuous

Question 25

Mary Whiton Calkins

Answer 25

*Studied with James at Harvard

*Completed all requirements for a doctoral degree, but was not granted to her because she is a woman

*First president of APA

Question 26

G. Stanley Hall

Answer 26

1883: First psych lab at John Hopkins

1887: Created American Journal of Psychology

1892: Founded APA

1909: Hosted Freud, only time Freud came to America

Interested in Adaptation and Human Development

Question 27

Francis Cecil Sumner

Answer 27

One of Hall’s students

1920: First African-American to earn a Ph.D. in psych

Question 28

James McKeen Cattell

Answer 28

Received his Ph.D. with Wundt

Interested in individual differences Eugenic beliefs

At Columbia University, Cattell developed a department of psychology that became world famous also promoting psychological science through advocacy and as a publisher of scientific journals and reference work

Question 29

Max Wertheimer

Answer 29

Gestalt movement began in Germany

Opposed to the Reductionist approach, believed that studying the whole of any experience was richer than studying individual aspects of that experience.

Served as a precursor of the rise of Cognitive Psychology

Question 30

Lillian Gilbreth

Answer 30

Industrial psychology and engineering psychology

Promoted the use of time and motion studies to improve efficiency in industry

Pop-up trash can, fridge door shelving

Question 31

Helen Thompson Woolley

Answer 31

Research on psychology of sex differences

Emotions did not influence women’s decisions any more than it did men’s

Menstruation did not negatively impact women’s cognitive or motor abilities

Question 32

Mamie Phipps Clark

Answer 32

Studied race psychology

demonstrated the ways in which school segregation negatively impacted the self-esteem of African American children.

Question 33

Evelyn Hooker

Answer 33

published the paper “The Adjustment of the Male Overt Homosexual,”

Showed no psychological differences between heterosexual and homosexual men