Chapter 4: Endocrine Responses to Resistance Exercise Flashcards
Objectives:
1. Understand basic concepts of endocrinology.
2. Explain the physiological roles of anabolic hormones.
3. Describe hormonal responses to resistance exercise.
4. Discuss how training programs can affect endocrine responses.
Section Outline:
1. Synthesis, Storage, and Secretion of Hormones
The endicrine system can be ____ with ___ to enhance the development of target tissues; improving performance.
Manipulated
Resistance trainig
target tissues
Roles of Hormones:
Reproduction
energy production
growth and development
homeostasis
What is the Endocrine System?
Supports the normal homeostatic function of the human body and aids in response to external stimuli
What are hormones? Where are they stored?
Chemical messengers that are synthesized, stored, and released into the body by endocrine glands (as well as other types of cells)
How do Endocrine glads work?
They release hormones into the blood.
Hormones interact with the receptors, (peptide) or in the nucleus (thyroid/steriods)
What are the 3 ways hormones can be released?
Enocrine Glands, Autocrine and Paracrine
Autocrine mechanism
Cell releases hormone inside of itself
(IGF-I)
Paracrine mechanisms
Hormone acts on adjacent cells (no need for
circulation)
What do Binding proteins do?
Extends life of hormones
Store, protect
Hormones are inactive when bound.
Muscle Remodeling
Damage of muscle fibers, (heads of myosin ripped of)
Inflammatory response releases hormonal interactions
Uses new protiens to rebuild
Increase in protein synthesis and decrease in degradation are first steps in muscle growth
increases in contractile proteins (actin + Myosin)
Hormones are intimately involved with ___ and —— mechanisms
protein synthesis; degradation
Anabolic hormones
promote tissue building
insulin, insulin-like growth factor, testosterone, growth hormone
Catabolic hormones
attempt to degrade cell proteins to support glucose synthesis
cortisol, progesterone
Long-term heavy resistance training —> enhanced __, ___, and __ of trained musculature
size; strength; power
…………………
……………
Singal from hormone is relayed only to cells that express a specific____
Hormone receptor
Diffrenet types/forms of receptors
Moblie—
Integrated—
Regulatory—
Lock and Key Theory
Cross reactivity
Allosteric Binding
A specific hormone will on fit a specific receptor
Cross reactivity—A given receptor partially reacts with a hormone not specifically designed for it (The key will fit but won’t turn)
Allosteric Binding—Substances other than hormones can bind receptors and cause events
Downregaulation
what are reasons for downregulation?
Inability for a hormone to interact with its receptor
1. Can’t bind as easy—Sentitivity
2. reduced # of receptors
causes:
1. Gentetic max
2. Drug use
3. Exercise mistakes—Not taking breaks
Steriod Hormones
Sythenesized from cholesterol
hormones from adrenal cortex + gonads
passivley diffuses through fat—no memberane
Bind with receptor to form homrmone receptor complex (H-RC)
What are the 3 primary Anabolic Hormones?
Testosterone
Growth Hormones
Insulin-like Growth Factors
Testosterone
Secretion and circulation
–From testes/overies & Adrenal
–98% Circulating Testosterone binds to SHBG (binding protien) or Albumin (blood protien)
Bodily effects
Responses to Exercise
What is a androgen hormone?
Masculinizing; Testosterone
Free Testosterone Hyposthesis
only free (unbound; ~2%) testosterone can exert effects on target tissues
—Promotes GH response (pituitary)
– Interacts with neuronal receptors, increasing amounts of neurotransmitters
–Crosses sarcolemma (no membrane receptor needed) and binds to nuclear androgen receptor
– Complex binds to DNA and stimulates transcription (i.e., protein synthesis)
you only need the free testosterone (less than 2%) to effect tissues
Stimulation protien syntheisis
What are the ergogenic effects of testosterone?
- Increases lean muscle mass through Increased protien synthesis (bigger muscles)
- Increase blood cell formation (too much = clot)
- Increases glycogen storage
- Increases lipolysis (fat breakdown)
- testosterone increases hemoglobin (more oxgy)
What is the optomal time for rest?
60 secs
Testosterone lvl. When highest in men?
in the morning
What is another name for growth hormone?
somatotropin
looks like a wad of gum
what type of hormone is growth hormone and how is it secreted?
Polypetide; Anterior pituitary gland.
What family is the GH from?
protien family
growth hormone Interacts — with target tissues, which include
bone, immune cells, skeletal muscle, fat cells, and
liver tissue
directly
growth hormone is regulated by —- mechanisms
(i.e., involves the hypothalamus) and mediated by —–
neuroendocrine feedback; secondary hormones
What are the GH effects on muscle tissue?
1) Enhances amino acid uptake and protein synthesis results in hypertrophy of Type I and II muscle fibers (Anabolic–IGF-1)
2) Decreases glucose utilization and glycogen formation – Increases breakdown and utilization of fats
3) Increases collagen synthesis
4) Stimulates cartilage growth
GH Secretion varies according to —, with highest levels observed at –
time of day; night
-GH released in – episodes
– Exercise increases – of bursts
pulsatile; number
Women have — blood levels of GH than do men
higher
IGF-1
Insulin-Like Growth Factors;
70-AA polypetide
super anabolic
what stimulates stimulates liver cell DNA to synthesize IGFs. How?
GH; IGF travels in blood through binding protiens (IGFBP)
(could take a day to do it)
………………
The more muscle fibers recruited for an exercise, the greater the
extent of _____
– Only activated muscle fibers are subject to ___
potential remodeling; adaptation
how to Increasing testosterone
increaese anobolic response;
1. Large muscle group exercises
2. Heavy resistance
3. Moderate to high volume (5-10 RM sets) (till failure)
4. Short rest intervals (30-60s)
How to increases GH
- Intesnse anerobic work outs with high lactate
- High intesnisty with short rest (no more than a minute)
Aderanal Hormones
- High volume,
- Large Muscles
- Short rest
- Rest intervals
- DON’T OVER TRAIN
DONE :)
