Chapter 4 - Developmental Pathway Flashcards
Developmental pathway
mapped out plan of your life course
Stages in the developmental pathway
Infancy, childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, adulthood, senescence
Cumulative risk model
Assesses the risk factors and harmful environmental influences that can highten the risk of maladaptive development
Developmental cascade model
Explores risk factors from early experiences to see the outcome
Pattersons Coercion Theory
Theory that explains relationship cycle of ineffective parenting and child behavior - try to change the others behavior through coerciveness
Patterson’s Cycle
1) Ineffective parenting - divorce, lack of stability
2) Child engages in coercive behavior - acts out
3) Parent reinforces - tries to control behavior
4) Coercive behavior used outside home - child acts out in school
5) Coercive child rejected by non-coercive peers
6) Child associates with coercive peers
Early onset
Begins in preschool and has higher chances of criminal behavior
Late onset
Begins 10-19 has lower chance of constant criminal behavior
Life course persistent
Early onset
Adolescent limited
Late onset
Steinberg’s dual system model
Cognitive path and socioemotional path
Cognitive path
Peaks at 16 - reasonable thinking, planing, decision making
Socioemotional path
Peaks at 25 - social and emotional processing (wanting to be accepted by peers)
Age-graded theory
Idea that different events in life can increase or decrease likelihood of crime based on age
Age-graded theory
1) Informal social control
2) Age-graded
3) Structural turning points
Informal social controls
prosocial attachment (responsible for community)
Structural turning points
big event that will make you avoid crime (parenthood)
Risk factors
1) Social environments - Poverty, peer rejection
2) Family - parenting styles
3) Psychological - lack of empathy or attachment
4) Externalizing disorders - ADHD, CD, ODD
Poverty
Poor children don’t usually commit crimes but are victimized due to living conditions
How does academic failure relate to criminal behavior
Odds of delinquency double with early academic failure, dropping our increases chances os arrest by 350%
Parental styles
The way a parent interacts with their child
Parental responsiveness
How a parent responds to the need of their child
Parental demandingness
Expectations parents have of their children
Authoritarian Style
wants to shape and control child’s life - many rules and expects obedience
Permissive style
no control, few restrictions, low monitoring - leads to poor school performance
Authoritative
Rational, applies restrictions (ve = love)
Neglecting style
detached and unengaged - no involvement in child’s life
Parental monitoring
How aware a parent is of their child’s life and activities
Important during adolescence
Monitored youth are less likely to engage in delinquent behavior
Affective empathy
Ability to experience other’s emotions
Cognitive empathy
Understanding someone’s emotions and pov
Which parenting style has the highest risk factor?
Neglect
Temperament
The natural mood of a child - determined by parental nurturing
Which disorder is mostly seen in criminal behavior?
ADHD
ODD
Problems with self control and aggression
CD
Misperceive intentions - violates rights of others
CD - Early onset
Behavioral problems increase in severity
CD - Late onset
Matures out of violent behavior
