Chapter 4 Definitions

Question 1

antagonistic

Answer 1

in the opposite direction of movement (eg, the antagonistic motion of extension is flexion)

Question 2

musculotendinous unit

Answer 2

the group formed by a muscle and its tendons

Question 3

eccentric muscle contraction

Answer 3

a contraction in which the elongation of the muscle is voluntarily controleld. Lowering a weight is an example of an eccentric contraction.

Question 4

etiology

Answer 4

the cause of a disease (also the study of the causes of disease)

Question 5

hematoma

Answer 5

a collection of clotted blood within a confined space (hemat blood; oma tumor)

Question 6

aspirate

Answer 6

the removal of fluid from the body using a needle and syringe

Question 7

stem cell

Answer 7

generic cell types that can develop into specialized cells

Question 8

osteoblasts

Answer 8

cells responsible for the formation of new bone

Question 9

staphylococcal infection

Answer 9

an infection caused by staphylococcus bacteria

Question 10

extracapsular

Answer 10

outside of the joint capsule

Question 11

synovial membrane

Answer 11

the membrane lining a fluid-filled joint

Question 12

furuncles

Answer 12

a boil characterized by redness, leakage of pus, and necrosis of the involved tissue

Question 13

antalgic

Answer 13

having a pain-relieving quality; analgesic

Question 14

sepsis

Answer 14

infection

Question 15

hyaline cartilage

Answer 15

cartilage located on the articular surface of bones, especially suited to withstand compressive and shearing forces

Question 16

ischemia

Answer 16

local and temporary deficiency of blood supply caused by the obstruction of blood flow to a body area

Question 17

mosiacplasty

Answer 17

a procedure used to encourage the growth of articular cartilage where small holes are bored into the epiphysis

Question 18

arthralgia

Answer 18

painful joints

Question 19

axial load

Answer 19

a force applied through the long axis of a bone or series of bones

Question 20

long bone

Answer 20

a bone possessing a base, shaft,a nd head

Question 21

contracture

Answer 21

a pathological shortening of tissues causing a decrease in available motion

Question 22

growth plates

Answer 22

the area of bone growth in skeletally immature individuals; the epiphyseal plate

Question 23

avascular necrosis

Answer 23

death of cells secondary to lack of an adequate blood supply

Question 24

diaphysis

Answer 24

the shaft of a long bone

Question 25

epiphyseal line

Answer 25

the area of growth found between the diaphysis and epiphysis in immature long bones

Question 26

amenorrheic (ammenorrhea)

Answer 26

the absence of menstruation

Question 27

neurapraxia

Answer 27

a stretch injury to a nerve resulting in transient symptoms of paraesthesia and weakness

Question 28

epineurium

Answer 28

connective tissue containing blood vessels surrounding the trunk of a nerve, binding it together

Question 29

myelin sheath

Answer 29

a fatty-based lining of the axon of myelinated nerve fibers

Question 30

wallerian degeneration

Answer 30

degeneration of a nerve’s axon that has been severed from the body of the nerve

Question 31

neurotmesis

Answer 31

complete loss of nerve function with little apparent anatomic damage to the nerve itself

Question 32

graft

Answer 32

an organ or tissue used for transplantation. An allograft is a donor tissue transplanted fromt he same species. An autograft tissue is transplanted from within the same individual

Question 33

dystrophy

Answer 33

the progressive deterioration of tissue

Question 34

vasomotor

Answer 34

pertraining to nerves controlling the muscles within the walls of blood vessels

Question 35

trophic

Answer 35

pertaining to efferent nerves controlling the nourishment of the area they innervate

Question 36

raynaud’s phenomenon

Answer 36

a reaction to cold consisting of bouts of pallor and cyanosis, causing exaggerated vasomotor responses

Question 37

vasoconstriction

Answer 37

a decrease in a vessel’s diameter

Question 38

vasodilation

Answer 38

an increase in a vessel’s diameter

Question 39

hyperhydrosis

Answer 39

excessive or profuse sweating