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Bio > Chapter 4- Cell structure and function > Flashcards

Chapter 4- Cell structure and function Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 3 types of cells in the human body?

A

Muscle, epethelial, connective, nerve

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2
Q

What is smaller size of cells convenient for?

A

exchanging materials

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3
Q

What are the two types of microscopes?

A

compound light and electron

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4
Q

What is resolution?

A

The minimum distance between 2 objects that allows them to be seen as 2 different objects

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5
Q

What are the 2 domains of prokaryotes?

A

Eubacteria, archea

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6
Q

how are eubacteria and archea similar/ different?

A

structurally similar, biochemically different

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7
Q

What are pilli and what type of cell are they found on?

A

hairs on the outside of prokaryotes that allow them to attach to other cells

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8
Q

what structure defines the cell as a distinct entity?

A

cell membrane

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9
Q

what gives the membrane fluid properties?

A

lipid bilayer

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10
Q

what does amphiphillic mean?

A

partially attracted/not attracted to water

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11
Q

What are the components of the cell membrane?

A

Phospholipids
proteins
glycolipids
sterols

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12
Q

What does cholesterol do to the cell membrane?

A

changes its fluidity

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13
Q

When the temperature is high, does cholesterol decrease or increase the fluidity of the membrane?

A

decrease

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14
Q

Which has more protein? myelin or mitochondria membrane?

A

mitochondria

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15
Q

What percent lipid is the plasma membrane of human blood cells?

A

30%

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16
Q

What is myelin?

A

membrane that insulates nerve fibers

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17
Q

All transmembrane proteins are?

A

integral and permanently in the membrane

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18
Q

Where do peripheral membrane proteins attach?

A

the lipid bilayer or integral proteins

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19
Q

what is glycolax

A

glycoprotein polysaccharide that surrounds the cell membrane of some bacteria and other cells like epithelial

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20
Q

what is the main component of cytoplasm?

A

water

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21
Q

what is cytosol?

A

just the liquid part of cytoplasm

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22
Q

which organelles are part of the endomembrane system?

A

ER, golgi, nuclear envelope, vesicles

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23
Q

which organelle stores the blueprints for all structural proteins?

A

nucleus

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24
Q

what are the 3 main structures of the nucleus?

A

chromatin, nucleoli, nuclear envelope

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25
Q

The inner surface of the nuclear envelope has what?

A

DNA attachment sites

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26
Q

Pores span which membrane?

A

Nuclear envelope

27
Q

Where is ribosomal RNA transcribed and assembled?

A

nucleolus

28
Q

Where does polypeptide synthesis happen?

A

ribosomes

29
Q

Where are lipids assembled?

A

Smooth ER tubules

30
Q

What does the smooth Er of the liver do?

A

Inactivates waste

31
Q

What is function of the golgi body?

A

put finishing touches on proteins and lipids that arrive from ER
Package final materials for shipment
materials arrive and leave in vesicles

32
Q

Lysosomes are a type of?

A

vesicle

33
Q

Which organelles are thought to have been created when a eukaryote engulfed a prokaryote? What is the theory called?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

endosymbiotic theory

34
Q

Mitochondria and cholorplasts have their own?

A

DNA, RNA, ribosomes

35
Q

Where is ATP produced?

A

mitochondria

36
Q

What are the folds where the mitochondria membrane folds back on itself called?

A

christae

37
Q

Where is krebs cycle and where is ATP produced?

A

krebs- matrix

ATP- inner mitochondrial membrane

38
Q

What is the semi fluid interior of the chloroplast called?

A

stroma

39
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

Flattened disks in chlorrplasts that contain chlorophyll

40
Q

WHat is a stack of thylakoids called?

A

granum

41
Q

Which organelle helps the plant attract animals and insects?

A

central vacoule

42
Q

What are cell walls mostly composed of?

A

cellulose

43
Q

What is the extracellular matrix?

A

layer of cell secretions of animal cells that protect, support, and help cells communicate

44
Q

What are cell junctions?

A

structures used for cellular communication or adherance

45
Q

What are the cell junctions of plants called?

A

plasmodesmata

46
Q

What are the 4 types of animal cell junctions?

A

tight junctions
adhereing junctions
desmosomes
gap junctions

47
Q

What type of tissue are tight junctions found in?

A

epithelial

48
Q

Which type of junction links the actin cytoskeleton fo neighboring cells?

A

adhering

49
Q

What is a desmosome?

A

localized structure specialized for cell adhesion

help resist shearing forces

50
Q

what do hemidesmosomes do?

A

attach one cell to extracellular matrix

51
Q

What do gap junctions do?

A

connect cytoplasm of two cells to allow materials to pass through

52
Q

What is the basis for cell shape and internal organization?

A

cytoskeleton

53
Q

What are the 3 types of cytoskeleton

A

microfillaments
intermediate fillaments
microtubuloes

54
Q

Which cytoskeleton is made up of the protein actin?

A

microfilaments

55
Q

What are the functions of microfilaments?

A

strengthen cell surface

changes in cell during endo/exocytosis

56
Q

Which cytoskeleton is made of tough rope-like proteins?

A

intermediate filaments

57
Q

Where do most of the microtubules radiate from?

A

centrosome

58
Q

What determines the overall shape of the cell and distribution of organelles?

A

microtubulues

59
Q

What is a barrell shaped cluster of microtubules called?

A

centroile

60
Q

What are extensions of the membrane to increase surface area?

A

microvilli

61
Q

What are mircovilli anchored by?

A

microfillaments

62
Q

How are cillia and flagella formed?

A

microtubules arrange in a 9+2 anexoneme

63
Q

where are the cillia and flagella located?

A

within the cytoplasm of the cell

64
Q

Where are basal bodies located?

A

at the base of each cillium/flagella

Bio (7 decks)

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