Chapter 4- Cell structure and function Flashcards
what are the 3 types of cells in the human body?
Muscle, epethelial, connective, nerve
What is smaller size of cells convenient for?
exchanging materials
What are the two types of microscopes?
compound light and electron
What is resolution?
The minimum distance between 2 objects that allows them to be seen as 2 different objects
What are the 2 domains of prokaryotes?
Eubacteria, archea
how are eubacteria and archea similar/ different?
structurally similar, biochemically different
What are pilli and what type of cell are they found on?
hairs on the outside of prokaryotes that allow them to attach to other cells
what structure defines the cell as a distinct entity?
cell membrane
what gives the membrane fluid properties?
lipid bilayer
what does amphiphillic mean?
partially attracted/not attracted to water
What are the components of the cell membrane?
Phospholipids
proteins
glycolipids
sterols
What does cholesterol do to the cell membrane?
changes its fluidity
When the temperature is high, does cholesterol decrease or increase the fluidity of the membrane?
decrease
Which has more protein? myelin or mitochondria membrane?
mitochondria
What percent lipid is the plasma membrane of human blood cells?
30%
What is myelin?
membrane that insulates nerve fibers
All transmembrane proteins are?
integral and permanently in the membrane
Where do peripheral membrane proteins attach?
the lipid bilayer or integral proteins
what is glycolax
glycoprotein polysaccharide that surrounds the cell membrane of some bacteria and other cells like epithelial
what is the main component of cytoplasm?
water
what is cytosol?
just the liquid part of cytoplasm
which organelles are part of the endomembrane system?
ER, golgi, nuclear envelope, vesicles
which organelle stores the blueprints for all structural proteins?
nucleus
what are the 3 main structures of the nucleus?
chromatin, nucleoli, nuclear envelope
The inner surface of the nuclear envelope has what?
DNA attachment sites
Pores span which membrane?
Nuclear envelope
Where is ribosomal RNA transcribed and assembled?
nucleolus
Where does polypeptide synthesis happen?
ribosomes
Where are lipids assembled?
Smooth ER tubules
What does the smooth Er of the liver do?
Inactivates waste
What is function of the golgi body?
put finishing touches on proteins and lipids that arrive from ER
Package final materials for shipment
materials arrive and leave in vesicles
Lysosomes are a type of?
vesicle
Which organelles are thought to have been created when a eukaryote engulfed a prokaryote? What is the theory called?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
endosymbiotic theory
Mitochondria and cholorplasts have their own?
DNA, RNA, ribosomes
Where is ATP produced?
mitochondria
What are the folds where the mitochondria membrane folds back on itself called?
christae
Where is krebs cycle and where is ATP produced?
krebs- matrix
ATP- inner mitochondrial membrane
What is the semi fluid interior of the chloroplast called?
stroma
What are thylakoids?
Flattened disks in chlorrplasts that contain chlorophyll
WHat is a stack of thylakoids called?
granum
Which organelle helps the plant attract animals and insects?
central vacoule
What are cell walls mostly composed of?
cellulose
What is the extracellular matrix?
layer of cell secretions of animal cells that protect, support, and help cells communicate
What are cell junctions?
structures used for cellular communication or adherance
What are the cell junctions of plants called?
plasmodesmata
What are the 4 types of animal cell junctions?
tight junctions
adhereing junctions
desmosomes
gap junctions
What type of tissue are tight junctions found in?
epithelial
Which type of junction links the actin cytoskeleton fo neighboring cells?
adhering
What is a desmosome?
localized structure specialized for cell adhesion
help resist shearing forces
what do hemidesmosomes do?
attach one cell to extracellular matrix
What do gap junctions do?
connect cytoplasm of two cells to allow materials to pass through
What is the basis for cell shape and internal organization?
cytoskeleton
What are the 3 types of cytoskeleton
microfillaments
intermediate fillaments
microtubuloes
Which cytoskeleton is made up of the protein actin?
microfilaments
What are the functions of microfilaments?
strengthen cell surface
changes in cell during endo/exocytosis
Which cytoskeleton is made of tough rope-like proteins?
intermediate filaments
Where do most of the microtubules radiate from?
centrosome
What determines the overall shape of the cell and distribution of organelles?
microtubulues
What is a barrell shaped cluster of microtubules called?
centroile
What are extensions of the membrane to increase surface area?
microvilli
What are mircovilli anchored by?
microfillaments
How are cillia and flagella formed?
microtubules arrange in a 9+2 anexoneme
where are the cillia and flagella located?
within the cytoplasm of the cell
Where are basal bodies located?
at the base of each cillium/flagella
