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Bio > Chapter 2- Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Chemistry Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the most common element by mass in the earth?

A

iron

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2
Q

What is the pH of milk?

A

slightly acidic

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3
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

The study of the compounds that make up living organisms

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4
Q

All organic molecules contain which two elements?

A

Carbon and hydrogen

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5
Q

What qualities does matter have?

A

Take up space and have mass

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6
Q

What is matter made of?

A

Elements

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7
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance that cannot be broken down or transformed chemically

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8
Q

What is the smallest amount of an element called?

A

an atom

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9
Q

What are the rows of the period table called? What happens as you go left to right?

A

periods; atomic number increases

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10
Q

What does the period of an element tell you?

A

Number of shells it has

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11
Q

What are the columns of the periodic table called?

A

Groups

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12
Q

What does the group of an element tell you?

A

How many electrons it has in its valence shell

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13
Q

What are the four main elements in the human body?

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

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14
Q

What two categories can all elements be divided into?

A

Metals and non metals

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15
Q

Do metals/non-metals tend to lose or gain electrons? What charge do they have?

A

metals: Lose- positive cation
mon: gain- negative anion

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16
Q

What is the basic building block of chemistry

A

atoms

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17
Q

What defines an element?

A

Number of protons

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18
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

Number of protons

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19
Q

What is atomic mass?

A

protons+neutrons (average of all isotopes)

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20
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Atoms that have the same atomic number but different number of neutrons

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21
Q

What are unstable isotopes called?

A

Radioisotopes

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22
Q

What are some uses of radioactive isotopes?

A

tracers, PET scans,

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23
Q

What does electronegativity of an atom mean?

A

The strength with which atoms attract other electrons

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24
Q

What is the valence of an atom?

A

the ratio with which it interacts with other atoms

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25
Q

Elements that have similar properties usually have the same number of?

A

Valence electrons

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26
Q

Metals have how many valence electrons?

A

1,2,3

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27
Q

What are the noble gases?

A

Helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon

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28
Q

What determines the chemical behavior of an element?

A

number and arrangement of valence electrons

29
Q

What is ground state?

A

lowest level energy of electrons closest to nucleus

30
Q

Do elements prefer to be at excited or ground state?

A

ground

31
Q

What happens when electrons shift to lower energy levels?

A

release light

32
Q

Which color requires electron to drop most energy levels?

A

violet

33
Q

What number of valence electrons have most reactive elements?

A

one or two more or less than a filled shell

34
Q

What is the formula for glucose?

A

C6 H12 O6

35
Q

What is molecular mass?

A

Sum of all mases of atoms in a molecule

36
Q

What is molarity?

A

Number of moles of solute per liter

37
Q

What are the types of bonds?

A

Covalent, ionic, hydrogen

38
Q

What is a non polar covalent bond?

A

Equal sharing of electrons, electrically balanced

39
Q

What is a polar covalent bond>?

A

One atom attracts shared electrons more than the other, resulting in one having a slightly positive and the other a negative charge

40
Q

The atom that pulls shared electrons more towards it has more?

A

Electronegativity

41
Q

What does an ionic bond result in?

A

2 ions that are attracted to each other (electrostatic)

42
Q

What type of ion is an atom that loses electrons?

A

Cation

43
Q

What is a polyatomic ion?

A

covalently bonded atoms that have a charge (OH)

44
Q

Why does salt dissolve in water?

A

Water creates shell that prevents iconic association between NA and CL

45
Q

Does the hydrogen in water have a negative or positive charge?

A

positive

46
Q

How many other water molecules can one be bonded to?

A

4

47
Q

What 6 qualities of water are because of its polarity?

A 
liquid at room temp 
lose/gain heat slowly
high vapor temp
less dense when frozen
fills vessels
universal solvent
48
Q

What is loss of water from leaves to prevent overheating?

A

Transpiration

49
Q

Does water adhere or cohere to other substances?

A

adhere

50
Q

what creates surface tension?

A

Cohesion at the surface

51
Q

Where on plants do gases leave through?

A

stomata

52
Q

solute v solvent

A

solute- substance being dissolved

solvent- dissolving agent

53
Q

How are acids bases created?

A

water molecules dissociate into an equal number of hydrogen and hydroxide ions

54
Q

Do acids release more hydrogen or hydroxide ions?

A

hydrogen

55
Q

Do stronger or weaker acids dissociate completely in water?

A

stronger

56
Q

What are buffers?

A

Regulate pH levels by taking up hydrogen or hydroxide ions

57
Q

How much difference is there between one ph to the next?

A

x10

58
Q

CO2 dissolved in sea water causes what?

A

carbonic acid and acidification

59
Q

What are enantiomers?

A

isomers that are mirror images of each other

60
Q

What are the 7 functional groups?

A 
hydroxyl 
carbonyl 
carboxyl
amino 
sulfhydryl
phosphate
methyl
61
Q

What do hydroxyl groups do to organic molecules?

A

Increase solubility

62
Q

Hydroxyl group

A

-OH

63
Q

Carbonyl group

A

(C)–O

64
Q

Carboxyl group

A

OOH

65
Q

Amino group

A

-NH2

66
Q

Sulfhydryl group

A

-SH

67
Q

Phosphate group

A

OPO3 2-

68
Q

methyl group

A

CH3

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