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Chapter 3- Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 basic molecules of life?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid

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2
Q

What is the field of organic chemistry with specific life related processes?

A

biochemistry

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3
Q

Monomer of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

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4
Q

polymers of carbohydrates

A

polysaccharides

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5
Q

monomers of lipids

A

fatty acids and glycerol

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6
Q

lipid polymer

A

fat

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7
Q

protein monomer

A

amino acid

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8
Q

protein polymer

A

polypeptide

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9
Q

nucleic acid monomer

A

nucleotide

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10
Q

nucleic acid polymer

A

DNA, RNA

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11
Q

What is dehydration?

A

covalent bond joins two monomers and releases water

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12
Q

Hydrolysis

A

large molecule splits into smaller ones when water is added

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13
Q

What is the H:C:O ration of carbohydrates

A

1:2:1

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14
Q

What is the primary fuel source for living things?

A

Carbohydrates

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15
Q

Tiose, pentose, and hexose, are:

A

Carbohydrate monosaccharides

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16
Q

Suffix ose means it is most likely a:

A

Carbohydrate

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17
Q

are most monosaccharides water soluble?

A

Yes

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18
Q

Trioses are important in?

A

Cellular respiration

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19
Q

What are the 3 pentoses?

A

ribose, deoxyribose, ribulose

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20
Q

Name 3 hexoses

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

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21
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Same molecular formula, different arrangement

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22
Q

What arrangement of sugars is most common in aqueous environments?

A

rings

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23
Q

Most common polysaccharides are composed entirely of what?

A

glucose

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24
Q

Name 3 most common polysaccharides

A

cellulose, starch, glycogen

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25
Q

what is the storage form of glucose in plants?

A

starch

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26
Q

polysaccharides are formed by what type of linkages?

A

glycosidic

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27
Q

What is the linear form of starch called

28
Q

what is the branced form of starch called

A

amylopectin

29
Q

what is the sugar storage form in animals?

30
Q

What is chitin?

A

Nitrogen containing polysaccharide, structural material for bugs

31
Q

What are the 5 functions of lipids?

A 
long term energy storage
structural components
heat production
cell communication and regulation
protection
32
Q

what are the 5 varieties of lipids?

A

Fats, oils, phospholipids, steroids, waxes

33
Q

fats and oils are both composed of

A

glycerol bonded to 3 fatty acids

34
Q

What monomer has a carboxyl group at one end and a hydrocarbon backbone?

A

fatty acids

35
Q

Fatty acids can have up to how many carbons in the backbone?

36
Q

In a saturated fat, each carbon bonds with what?

A

a carbon and 2 hydrogens

37
Q

Which have a kink in the carbon chain? saturated or unsaturated fats?

A

unsaturated

38
Q

Tryglicerides are made up of what?

A

3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol

39
Q

what are phospholipids made up of?

A

2 fatty acids and a phosphate group

40
Q

What makes up the plasma membrane bilayer?

A

phospholipids

41
Q

Does more saturation mean more or less fluidity?

42
Q

What are waxes?

A

Fatty acids linked to chain alcohol or carbon rings

43
Q

What is the backbone of steroids?

A

4 fused carbon rings

44
Q

cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen are examples of what?

45
Q

What are the 3 types of proteins?

A

structural, enzymatic, hormonal

46
Q

What 3 groups do amino acids contain?

A

animo, acid, R

47
Q

How many types of amino acids are there?

48
Q

What is the linkage of amino acids called?

A

peptide bond

49
Q

What are the levels of protein structure?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

50
Q

What is quaternary structure?

A

How 2 or more polypeptides interact

51
Q

what is secondary structure?

A

How primary amino acids interact with each other

52
Q

What are polypeptides arranged as strands or sheets?

A

fibrous proteins

53
Q

Collagen, elastin, and keratin are examples of:

A

fibrous proteins

54
Q

hemoglobin is an example of what kind of protein structure?

55
Q

What are lipoproteins?

A

Proteins combined with cholesterol, trigylerides and phospholipids

56
Q

What is denaturations?

A

disruption of proteins 3d shape

57
Q

What are 3 causes of denaturation

A

pH, temperature, strong acids or bases

58
Q

nucleotides are made up of what 3 substances?

A

pentose sugar (ribose/deoxyribose), phosphate group, nitrogen base

59
Q

What are 4 functions of nucleotides?

A

energy carriers (ATP)
coenzymes
chemical messengers
building blocks for nucleic acid

60
Q

what are the 2 types of nucleic acid?

61
Q

What does RNA do?

A

Conveys instructions of DNA

62
Q

DNA and RNA are what of nucleotides?

63
Q

What are the bases of DNA?

A

thymine, adenine, cytosine, guanine

64
Q

Which base of DNA is not in RNA and what is it replaced with?

A

THymine- uracil

65
Q

What is the structure of RNA?

A

Single strand

66
Q

nucleic acid arises when:

A

nucleotides are joined together by means of phosophdiester bridges

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