Chapter 4: Carbohydrates Flashcards
How is energy released in humans?
When humans metabolise glucose, energy and CO2 are released.
What are the two types of CHO
- simple (sugars)
- complex/ polysaccharides (fibre and starch)
Name 2 simple sugars
- Monosaccharides
- Disaccharides
Name the monosaccharides
- Glucose
- Galactose
- Fructose
Name the Disaccharides
- Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
- Maltose (glucose + glucose)
- Lactose (glucose + galactose)
What are complex CHO’s?
Chains of glucose linked together
Name the plant forms of complex CHO
- starch and fibre
- human digestive system can break glucose bonds in starch but NOT fibre
Name the animal form of complex CHO
- Glycogen
- human digestive system can break bonds and it is found in liver and muscle (broken down while slaughtering)
How much is required from CHO?
- 45-65% from complex and whole grain
- <25% from added sugars
- 55% from CHO
What is the suggested intake from dietary fibre?
> 25g per day
What are the types of fibre?
- Water-soluble fibre (oats,barley,seeds,fruits,vegs,legumes)
- Water-insoluble fibre (brown rice, wheat bran, whole grains,seeds,fruits, vegs, legumes)
What are the types of water-soluble fibre?
- gums
- mucilages
- pectins
- psyllium
- some hemicellulose
What are the types of water-insoluble fibre?
- cellulose
- lignin
- some hemicellulose
What the benefits of water-insoluble fibre?
- increased faecal weight
- increased colonic transit
- alleviates constipation
- reduced risk of diverticular disease, haemorrhoids and appendicitis
- provides feeling of fullness
- weight management
How do carbs in food turn into glucose in the body?
- breakdown by salivary amylase in the mouth
- digestion by pancreatic amylase and enzymes in the intestinal wall in the small intestine (starch-disaccharides-monosaccharides)
- fibre travels unchanged to the colon
- monosaccharides absorbed into bloodstream
- liver converts galactose and fructose to glucose and is used for energy
What does blood glucose increase relect?
- the amount of CHO consumed
- rate of digestion and glucose entry into the bloodstream
- rate of glucose uptake by cells
What are the blood glucose levels?
- normal fasting: 80-100
- Hypoglycemia: low blood glucose (<80)
- Hyperglycemia: high blood glucose (>100)
- Insulin insensitivity: between 100-125
- Diabetes: greater than or equal to 126
How is glucose transported into cells?
via insulin
How is glucose produced?
from protein (gluconeogenesis)
What is ketosis?
- When liver glycogen is depleted
- need 130g of CHO per day to prevent
- liver glycogen lasts 4-6 hours
Describe type 1 diabetes
- early or mid-life
- hyperglycemia due to no insulin production
- autoimmune response
- if left untreated, glucose wasting (urine) and weight loss
- treatment: Insulin is injected
Describe type 2 diabetes
- usually adult but children too
- hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance (obesity)
- pancreas produces lots of insulin but cells don’t respond
- increased risk of cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, blindness and amputations
Risk factors of diabetes?
- Family history
- Sedentary Lifestyle
- obesity
- certain genes
What are the warning signs of diabetes?
- Excess urination and thirst
- Glucosuria
- weight loss, weakness, nausea
- sweet cravings
- drowsiness and vision problems
- infections
- slow healing of cuts
- pain in legs, fingers
- high glucose tolerance test results
What is lactose intolerance and how to manage it?
- insufficient lactase enzyme activity
- consume milk in small amounts with food
- yogurt, aged cheese
- products treated with lactase (lactaid ice-cream)
- lactaid pills
How to treat milk allergies?
- occurs due to immune response to protein in milk
- calcium-fortified soy milk and orange juice
- canned sardines or sardines with bones
- veggies
- calcium supplement
