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HNSC1210 > Chapter 3: Transport > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Transport Flashcards

1
Q

What determines nature of cells work?

A

Genes

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2
Q

Tissues form _______
Cells form _______
Organs form _______

A

Tissues form organs
Cells form tissues
Organs work together as body systems

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3
Q

Which is the largest organ in our body?

A

Skin

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4
Q

What supplies tissues?

A

Body fluids

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5
Q

Describe the cardiovascular system

A

Blood carries water-soluble nutrients from small interstine to liver to heart via veins and CO2 is removed and O2 is exchanged in alveoli in lungs. De-oxygenated blood flows to kidneys where waste is removed by nephrons and excreted in urine.

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6
Q

What does lymph do?

A

Lymph carries fat-soluble nutrients from small intestine to the thoracic duct through the bloodstream near the heart

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7
Q

What is the role of arteries?

A

Carry oxygen and nutrients to tissues

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8
Q

How does blood circulate among cells?

A

Capillaries exchange oxygen and nutrients between cell fluid and extracellular fluid

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9
Q

What are fat-soluble nutrients converted to?

A

Chylomicrons in the lymph vessels

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10
Q

Which hormone regulates blood glucose?

A

Insulin (brings glucose level down) and Glucagon (brings glucose level up- RECEPTORS IN LIVER)

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11
Q

What is the hunger hormone?

A

Grehlin

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12
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Movement in muscular walls in the digestive system

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13
Q

What happens during fight or flight response?

A
  • analgesic response: pain-numbing chemical
  • digestive system shuts down
  • liver releases extra glucose and fat for energy
  • insulin resistant so glucose level rises
  • muscles tense/ heart rate rises/pupils dilate
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14
Q

What is CHO, protein and fat broken down into

A

CHO- monosaccharides
Protein- Amino Acid
Fat- Fatty acid+ glycerol

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15
Q

What is the oesophagus lined with?

A

Thin mucus membrane to protect from hot or sharp food

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16
Q

What is the role of the stomach?

A
  • churns and mixes food to liquid mass (chyme)
  • 3 layers of muscle
  • controlled by cardiac sphincter (allows food into stomach) (not true valve)
  • Pyloric valve (food into small intestine)(true valve)
  • adds HCL, pepsin and gastric juice
17
Q

Why does our stomach not get damaged from HCL?

A

Mucus protects stomach wall

18
Q

What happens in the stomach?

A

HCL denatures protein then pepsin breaks it down

19
Q

What injures mucus membrane?

A

H. Pylori and lifesyle choices

20
Q

What is heartburn?

A
  • Oesophagus is burning due to backflow of stomach acid

- Take antacids for treatment

21
Q

Which is the major site of digestion?

A
  • Small Intestine
  • Pancreas secretes bicarbonate that nutralises stomach acid
  • Pancreatic juice creates lipase (digests lipids) and protease (digests proteins)
22
Q

Where is the presence of bile?

A
  • synthesised in liver
  • stored in gall bladder
  • enters small intestine via bile duct
  • bile emulsifies ( forces fatty parts to mix with water)
23
Q

What does villi and microvilli do?

A

Increase surface area of small intestine

24
Q

What is the role of the large intestine?

A
  • Reabsorbs water and minerals

- passes waste and some water to rectum

25
Q

How to reduce problems in the lower gut (diarrhoea, constipation and intestinal gas)?

A

More fibre and activity

26
Q

Where is fat and CHO stored?

A

Fat: adipose tissue
CHO: Glycogen in liver and muscles

27
Q

What is alcohol?

A
  • Lipid solvent
  • Denatures cells protein structure
  • ethanol
  • Toxin because calls die when denatured
28
Q

Is alcohol a nutrient Does it provide energy?

29
Q

How does alcohol enter the body?

A
  • Diffuses through stomach wall to bloodstream

- absorbed into small intestine

30
Q

Physical effects of alcohol?

A
  • Increased urine output
  • Mineral loss
  • collects in liver
  • flows through body and brain (fast drinker)
31
Q

How is alcohol connected tot he brain?

A
  • Depressant (sedates nerve cells)
  • Judgement and reasoning, voluntary muscle control, heart action
  • passing out helps against lethal dose
32
Q

How is alcohol connected to the liver?

A
  • liver detoxifies
  • 80% alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)
  • 10% MEOS system (increases tolerance)
  • 10% excreted through breath and urine
  • Stimulates fat synthesis in liver
33
Q

What are the impurities in alcohol called?

A
  • Congeners

- cause hangover (dehydration and rehydration of the brain and accumulation of formaldehyde)

34
Q

Long-term effects of alcohol?

A
  • liver deteriorates
  • synthesis of blood lipids increase
  • toxic to muscles
  • increased BP
  • dementia
  • Increased cancer risk
  • increased death risk
35
Q

Health effects of wine?

A
  • Lowers high BP
  • May protect against heart disease
  • Purple contains phytochemicals
  • In elderly people, small doses of wine may improve appetite

HNSC1210 (10 decks)

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