Chapter 4 Back Flashcards
0
Q
there are how many curvatures
A
four
1
Q
vertebrae numbers
A
cervical - 7 thoracic - 12 lumbar - 5 sacral - 5 fused coccyx - 3/4 fused
2
Q
curvature that is concave anteriorly and is primary
A
kyphosis
3
Q
curvature that is concave posteriorly and is secondary like lumbar and cervical
A
lordosis
4
Q
main exceptions to the general structure of vertebrae
A
C1, C2, S5
5
Q
neural arches of L5 and or S1 fail to develop and fuse normally.
A
spina bifida occulta
6
Q
spina bifida occulta is present in blank percent of population and usually no problems come of it
A
24 percent
7
Q
herniation of the meninges associated with a failure to develop more than one vertebral arch and neural tube defects, causes neurological problems
A
spina bifida cystica
8
Q
extreme thoracic kyphosis
A
hunchback
9
Q
name for hunchback in old people from osteoporosis
A
dowagers hump
10
Q
anterior tilting of the pelvis aka sway back or hollow back
A
excessive lumbar lordosis
11
Q
two causes of excessive lumbar lordosis
A
pregnancy, obesity
12
Q
failure of half of a vertebra to develop can cause blank
A
scoliosis
13
Q
metabolic bone disease that results from demineralization of the bones caused by resorption and little calcium deposition
A
osteoporosis
14
Q
vertebral body osteoporosis is most common in blank vertebrae and blank females
A
thoracic vertebrae, postmenopausal
15
Q
dislocation between adjacent vertebrae
A
spondylolisthesis
16
Q
fracture of the column of bones connecting the superior and inferior articular processes
A
spondylolysis
17
Q
crush fracture of vertebrae
A
compression fracture
18
Q
surgical excision of one or more spinous processes and the adjacent supporting vertebral laminae is a blank
A
laminectomy
19
Q
a laminectomy may be performed to blank on the spinal cord or nerve roots from a tumor or herniated disc
A
relieve pressure
20
Q
part of vertebrae that bears weight and increases in size proportionally
A
body
21
Q
part of vertebrae which houses and protects spinal cord and roots of spinal nerves
A
arch
22
Q
processes extending from the arch provide blank for blank or direct movements between vertebrae
A
attachment, muscles
23
Q
cervical vertebrae are unique because they have blank
A
foramina transversarii
24
thoracic vertebrae have blank which are unique
costal facets
25
lumbar vertebrae do not have blank or blank
costal facets, foramina transversarii
26
thickness of iv discs determine degree of blank
mobility
27
blank of zygapophysial joints controls the type of movement between adjacent vertebrae
orientation
28
this resists hyperextension; other other ligaments resist blank
anterior longitudinal ligament, flexion
29
this joint allows nodding of the head
atlanto occipital joint
30
this joint allows the no movement of the head while blank limit rotation
atlanto axial joint, alar ligaments
31
most mobile vertebral regions and most vulnerable to injury
cervical, lumbar
32
these movements occur mostly at the cervical and lumbar regions
flexion/extension
33
blank occurs and cervical and thoracic regions
rotation
34
curvatures provide blank to the axial skeleton
shock absorb/flexibility
35
these muscles provide support to maintain the curvatures
back extensors, abdominal flexors
36
blank branches of the major cervical and segmental arteries supply the vertebral column with blood
spinal
37
internal and external vertebral venous blank collect blood from the vertebrae and drain into the blank veins of the neck and blank veins of the trunk
plexuses, vertebral, segmental
38
zygapophysial joints are innervated by blank branches of blank rami
medial, adjacent posterior
39
blank branches of spinal nerves supply most bone, iv discs, and ligaments as well as the meninges of the spinal cord with nerves
recurrent meningeal
40
back muscles that are axioappendicular muscles that serve the upper limb
superficial extrinsic
41
the extrinsic back muscles are innervated by the blank of spinal nerves
anterior rami
42
the trapezius is innervated by blank unlike the rest of the extrinsic back muscles
CN 11
43
back muscles that are mostly innervated by posterior rami of spinal nerves
deep intrinsic
44
three layers of deep intrinsic back muscles
superficial (splenius), intermediate (erector spinae), deep (transversospinalis muscles)
45
intrinsic muscles provide primarily blank and blank for posture
extension, proprioception
46
intrinsic muscles also blank and produce movment of the trunk
stabilize
47
muscles that produce movements and proprioception at the craniovertebral joints
suboccipital muscles
48
four main components of vertebral canal
spinal cord, spinal nerve roots, csf, meninges
49
spinal cord occupies only the two superior blank of the canal
two thirds
50
two enlargements related to innervation of the limbs
cervical, lumbosacral
51
end of the spinal cord
conus medullaris
52
conus medullaris ends at the blank vertebra
L1 or L2
53
the blank and blank from the lumbosacral part of the spinal cord form the blank and continue inferiorly within the lumbar blank containing blank
filum terminale, spinal nerve roots, cauda equina, cistern, csf
54
csf is contained within the blank sac and blank sheaths
dural, dural root
55
the fluid filled subarachnoid space is lined with blank and blank mater which are continuous meninges
pia, arachnoid
56
continuous meninges
leptomeninges
57
csf is often sampled from the blank because of no spinal cord
lumbar cistern
58
these arteries supply the spinal cord and are reinforced by asymmetric segmental medullary arteries
longitudinal spinal arteries
59
where segmental medullary arteries do not occur, blank arteries supply the nerve roots
radicular
60
veins draining the spinal cord have a distribution and drainage generally reflective of the blank
spinal arteries
61
fracturing or avulsing of C2 would sever the spinal cord and blank would stop because the blank nerve innervates the blank
breathing, phrenic, diaphragm
62
spondylolysis in the lumbar vertebrae shows a blank on the neck of the blank
fracture, scottie dog
63
atypical cervical vertebrae
c1, c2, c7
64
c2 - c6 unique characteristic
bifid spinous process
65
c3-c7 characteristic
uncinate processes
66
c7 unique name and has a blank
vertebra prominens, longer spinous process
67
cervical facet orientation is nearly blank
horizontal
68
iv discs in the cervical vertebrae are blank
relatively thick compared to the body (highest ratio)
69
atlas does not have these two things
body, spinous process
70
the blank of c2 acts as atlas's blank
body
71
"spinous process" of atlas
posterior tubercle
72
atlanto occipital joint produces the blank movement
yes
73
atlanto axial joint allows for blank movement
"no" movement
74
there is a blank atlantoaxial joint and two blank atlantaxial joints
median, lateral
75
blank is limited in thoracic vertebrae because of ribs attaching
sidebending
76
l1-l3 has articular facets in the blank plane
sagittal
77
lumbar blank movement is very limited in l1-l3
rotation
78
since sacrum is fused vertebrae, median crest is like blank, intermediate crest is like blank, and lateral crest is like blank
spinous processes, articular processes, transverse processes
79
through the foramina come the blank parts of nerves
anterior/posterior primary rami
80
S5 and coccygeal emerge from blank
sacral hiatus
81
largest iv disc
L5 S1
82
joints between C3-C6 only
uncovertebral joints
83
outer part of iv disc
annulus fibrosus
84
inner part of iv disc
nucleus pulposus
85
eccentric location and high blank content in nucleus pulposus
water
86
a disc herniation is when the blank penetrates blank
nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus
87
disc herniation usually occur in a blank direction because the blank guards the blank of the vertebrae
posterolateral, anterior longitudinal ligament, anterior part
88
narrow foramen in one or more lumbar vertebrae which can cause compression of one or more spinal nerve roots... may require a laminectomy
lumbar spinal stenosis
89
osteoarthritis of these joints may affect spinal nerves
zygapophyseal
90
osteoarthritis of z joints will cause pain along blank and spasms along blank
dermatomes, myotomes
91
treatment of back pain caused by disease of z joints
denervation of lumbar z joints at two adjacent posterior rami
92
derangement along a spinal nerve
radiculopathy
93
lumbar vertebrae have the blank instead of the spinal cord coming through it
cauda equina
94
these stabilize intervertebral discs and vertebral bodies
ligaments
95
ligament of intervertebral joints that runs from sacrum to C2 and is wide
anterior longitudinal ligament
96
ligament of intervertebral joint that is sacrum to c2, narrow, and is more loosely attached
posterior longitudinal ligament
97
the PLL is continuous superiorly with the blank
tectorial membrane
98
ligament of vertebral arches that connect the laminae act continuous but are not
flavum
99
ligament of vertebral arch that is the sacrum to c7 that turns into nuchal ligament
supraspinous
100
ligament of vertebral arches that is c7 to occiput and comes from the supraspinous ligament
nuchal
101
all vertebral arch ligaments all funciton to prevent excessive blank
flexion
102
this vertebral arch ligament helps prevent lateral flexion
intertransverse
103
vertebral arch ligament that connects spinous processes
interspinous
104
atlanto occipital joint type
synovial condyloid
105
atlantoaxial joint types
synovial (2 planar - facets, 1 pivot - around dens)
106
ligament that is continuous with ALL
anterior atlanto occipital membrane
107
ligament that is continuous with ligamentum flavum
posterior antlanto occipital membrane
108
atlanto axial joint ligament that is transverse and has superior/inferior bands
cruciate (cruciform)
109
ala means blank
wing
110
ligaments of the atlanto axial jiont that limits rotation
alar
111
typical vertebrae are supplied by blank
segmental arteries
112
spinal branches of arteries go through blank
intervertebral foramina
113
back muscles that are superficial/intermediate for limb and respiratory movements
extrinsic
114
only blank fibers are carried in the spinal accessory nerve to the traps
motor
115
proprioceptive fibers of the traps are at blank
c3,c4
116
6.5
702
117
two intermediate back muscles
serratus posterior superior, serratus posterior inferior
118
blank is more likely to cause herniation of the nucleus pulposus
flexion (posterolateral herniation)
119
disc herniations are very rare in blank
young people
120
95 percent of lumbar disc protrusions occur at these levels
l4-l5 or l5-s1
121
sciatica is often caused by a herniated disc that compresses the blank component of the sciatic nerve
l5 or s1
122
back pain is the blank most common reason for visiting doctor
second
123
zygapophyseal joint pain is usually associated with blank
osteoarthritis (aging)
124
as we age, our nucleus pulposus becomes blank
dried out
125
iv discs blank in size with age
increase
126
deep back muscles in superficial layer
splenius (capitis, cervicis) (cervical posterior rami)
127
bilateral action of splenius capitis
extend the head
128
unilateral action of splenius capitis
rotate and sidebend ipsilaterally
129
t7 has blank articulations
12
130
c5 has blank articulations
10
131
superior attachment of muscle is blank for practical
most important
132
ligamentum flavum is not quite blank with tectorial membrane
continuous
133
spinalis capitis fibers run blank (probably on practical) (PA 9)
superomedially
134
thoracic vertebrae of articular processes facing blank
anterior/posterior
135
lumbar vertebrae has articular processes facing blank
medially
136
rotatores blank is one segment
brevis
137
rotatores blank is two segments
longus
138
only suboccipital muscle that does not extend the head
obliquus capitis inferior
139
the obliquus capitis inferior does blank the head but does not blank the head
rotate, attach to
140
conduction pathway between brain and body and major reflex center
spinal cord
141
spinal cord begins at blank
caudal brainstem
142
spinal cord ends at blank
medullary cone l1-l2
143
cervical enlargement is at blank
c4-t1
144
lumbosacral enlargement is at blank
t11 - s1
145
spinal cord is blank at the lumbar area
smaller
146
presynaptic sympathetic neurons begin at blank
IML
147
cauda equina is made of blank
nerve roots
148
filum terminale is an extension of blank
pia mater
149
roots are nerve fibers that exit/enter the spinal cord to form a blank
peripheral (spinal) nerve
150
t4 spinal ganglion exits through intervertebral foramen blank t4
below
151
spinal nerves create a blank around the entire thorax like a tape measure
dermatome
152
3 spaces of spinal cord
epidural, subdural, subarachnoid
153
epidural space contains blank
epidural fat
154
potential space that can show up during pathology
subdural
