Chapter 4 - Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms

Question 1

How are atoms and light related?

Answer 1

When matter (made of atoms) is energized, it gives off light

Question 2

What is electromagnetic radiation?

Answer 2

A form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space

Question 3

What is the order of the electromagnetic spectrum?

Answer 3

Radio-Microwave-Infrared-Visible-Ultraviolet-X-ray-Gamma

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Question 4

What is wavelength and what is its symbol?

Answer 4

The distance between corresponding points on adjacent waves (lambda l with extra spoke on the left)

Question 5

What is frequency and what is its symbol?

Answer 5

The number of waves that pass a given point is a specific time, usually one second (v)

Question 6

What is the equation between wavelength and frequency and how are wavelength and frequency related?

Answer 6

c = lambdav (the speed of light (3.0010^8 meters/second) equals wavelength (meters) times frequency (per second). Therefore, wavelength and frequency are inversely related.

Question 7

What is the experiment that proved the wave theory of light, who did it and what pattern was produced?

Answer 7

The double slit experiment by Young which showed an interference pattern (only produced from waves, not particles)

Question 8

What is the photoelectric effect and what does it prove?

Answer 8

The emission of electrons from a negatively charged metal when certain frequencies of light are shone on it, light also has properties of particles (electron radiation is absorbed only in numbers of photons (E=hv) and if a photon’s frequency is below the minimum, electrons remain bound, different metals bind their electrons more or less tightly)

Question 9

What is a quantum, what is the name for a quantum of energy (+amount of mass) and what does that mean?

Answer 9

A quantum is the minimum amount in which something can be found, for light it is called the photon (no mass). A quantum of energy is the quantity of energy that can be lost or gained by an atom

Question 10

What is the equation for the the relationship between a quantum of energy and the frequency of radiation, who discovered it, and how are frequency and energy related?

Answer 10

E = hv (the energy in a photon (joules) is equal to Planck’s constant (6.62610^-34 joulessecond) times the frequency (per second). Max Planck. Higher frequency means higher energy.

Question 11

What does the “dual wave-particle” nature of light mean?

Answer 11

Light behaves both as a particle and a wave

Question 12

What was the problem with the Rutherford model?

Answer 12

It did not explain how the negatively charged electrons are arranged with respect to the positive nucleus. They should attract and the electron would lose energy and spiral into the nucleus.

Question 13

How did the Bohr model improve upon the Rutherford model?

Answer 13

It used fixed orbits in which the electrons would not use energy. It also said that the energy of the electron is higher when it is farther from the nucleus.

Question 14

What is emission?

Answer 14

When an electron falls to a lower energy level a photon is emitted (E3 -> E1)

Question 15

What is absorption?

Answer 15

When an electron jumps to a higher energy level when energy is added (E1 -> E2)

Question 16

What is the name for the lowest energy state of an atom?

Answer 16

Ground state

Question 17

What is the name for the state of an atom in which it has higher potential energy than in its lowest state?

Answer 17

Excited state

Question 18

What is a line-emission spectrum, and what is the importance of hydrogen’s?

Answer 18

A diagram or graph that indicates the degree to which a substance emits radiant energy with respect to wavelength, when electric current was passed through a vacuum tube containing hydrogen gas at low pressure a pinkish glow that could be separated into four colors. Bohr explained it as the the energy differences between the atom’s energy states were fixed

Question 19

Who discovered that electrons could be considered waves?

Answer 19

Louis de Broglie

Question 20

What is diffraction?

Answer 20

The bending of a wave as it passes by the edge of an object or through a small opening (like a double slit)

Question 21

When does interference occur?

Answer 21

When waves overlap

Question 22

What is the Heisenberg uncertainty principle?

Answer 22

Since any attempt to locate a specific electron will knock it off course, it is impossible to know both the position and velocity of an electron or any other particle

Question 23

Who discovered an equation that treated electrons as waves?

Answer 23

Schrodinger

Question 24

What is quantum theory?

Answer 24

A mathematical description of the wave properties of electrons and other very small particles

Question 25

What are the regions that electrons exist in? (not Bohr)

Answer 25

Orbitals, 3-d regions around the nucleus that indicate the probable location of an electron

Question 26

What is the purpose of quantum numbers and what are they?

Answer 26

To describe the properties of atomic orbitals and the properties of electrons in orbitals. Principal (n, main energy level, positive integers, total orbitals in a shell = n^2), Angular momentum (L, shape of orbital, number of shapes = n, L = 0 to a max or (n-1)) Magnetic (m, orientation from -L to +L) and Spin (+- 1/2 which means clockwise or counterclockwise)

Question 27

What is electron configuration?

Answer 27

The arrangement of electrons in an atom

Question 28

What is the ground state configuration of an element?

Answer 28

The lowest-energy arrangement of the electrons

Question 29

What is the Aufbau principle?

Answer 29

An electron occupies the lowest energy orbital that can receive it

Question 30

What is the Pauli exclusion principle?

Answer 30

No two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers

Question 31

What is Hund’s rule?

Answer 31

Orbitals of equal energy (for instance the three orbitals of p) are each occupied by one electron before any orbital is occupied by a second electron, and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals must have the same spin state

Question 32

What is orbital notation?

Answer 32

An unoccupied orbital is represented by a line, with the orbital’s name written underneath the line, the lines are labeled with the principal quantum number and sublevel letter

Question 33

What is electron-configuration notation?

Answer 33

The number of electrons in a sublevel is shown by adding a superscript to the sublevel designation, Ex: Helium is 1s^2

Question 34

What is noble-gas notation?

Answer 34

the most recent noble gas in brackets, then continue with the electron-configeration

Question 35

What is the highest-occupied energy level in an atom?

Answer 35

The electron-containing main energy with the highest principal quantum number