Chapter 4

Question 1

What is the name of the phenomenon in which a person does an unintended, but more automatic action in place of an intended, less automatic action?

Answer 1

action slip

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a type of Input attention?

Answer 2

selective attention

Question 3

Vigilance is

Answer 3

maintaining attention for infrequent events over a long period of time.

Question 4

Memory for information and for the moment new information was encoded, like memorizing a list of definitions, is called

Answer 4

explicit

Question 5

The physical aspect of redirecting attention towards an unexpected stimulus is called ________; where as the mental aspect of spontaneously redirecting attention is referred to as _______.

Answer 5

orienting response; attention capture

Question 6

The tick-tock of the office clock used to bother and distract Gabi from focusing on her work. After a couple of days, she no longer notices the clock sounds and is able to concentrate. Gabi has experienced the process of

Answer 6

habituation

Question 7

Mind-wandering is most likely to occur when

Answer 7

a person is not fully engaged in a task

Question 8

The cause of this disorder arises from an inability to disengage attention, hence disrupting the process of shifting attention to the opposite side of the perceptual world.

Answer 8

hemineglect

Question 9

Inhibition is

Answer 9

actively suppressing irrelevant information so that its activation level is below baseline.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for a Automaticity?

Answer 10

the process must contain at least one attentional blink

Question 11

the mental energy or resource necessary for completing mental processes, believed to be limited in quantity and under the control of some executive control mechanism

Answer 11

attention

Question 12

when processing visual information, such as a scene or objects, one can focus attention on either the larger whole that the parts make up, or the smaller elements that make up the whole.

Answer 12

global-location distinction

Question 13

a collection of brain structures that tend to be more active when a person is at rest and not thinking about anything in particular. Hence, it is the part of the brain that is more active by default

Answer 13

default mode network

Question 14

occurring without conscious awareness or intention and consuming little, if any, of the available mental resources

Answer 14

automatic, automaticity

Question 15

the basic processes of getting sensory information into the cognitive system

Answer 15

input attention

Question 16

the nervous system must be awake, responsive, and able to interact with the environment. Arousal is a necessary precondition for most cognitive processing. The system must be aroused to pay attention

Answer 16

alertness and arousal

Question 17

involving conscious processing, conscious awareness that a task is being performed, and usually conscious awareness of the outcome of that performance

Answer 17

explicit processing

Question 18

processing in which there is no necessary involvement of conscious awareness

Answer 18

implicit processing

Question 19

complete the stems (e.g., D______ K) to form a complete word, generally the first word that comes to mind (e.g., DUCK)

Answer 19

word stem completion task

Question 20

the reflexive redirection of attention that orients you toward the unexpected stimulus

Answer 20

orienting reflex

Question 21

the spontaneous redirection of attention to stimuli in the world based on physical characteristics

Answer 21

attention capture

Question 22

input attention

Answer 22

visual attention

Question 23

a gradual reduction of the orienting response back to baseline

Answer 23

habituation

Question 24

a rapid attentional mechanism operating in parallel and automatically across the visual field, especially for detecting simple visual features

Answer 24

spotlight attention

Question 25

search a spatial display of items

Answer 25

visual search

Question 26

in visual search, when a target item is highly discriminable from the distractor items, the attentional search mechanisms use a basic rapid attentional mechanism that operates in parallel across the visual field in a highly automatic fashion. The resulting visual search function is quite fast overall and shows only a minimal, if any, effect of set size

Answer 26

pop-out effect

Question 27

a process in which recently checked locations are mentally marked by attention as places that the search process would not return to

Answer 27

inhibition of return

Question 28

the deliberate, voluntary allocation of mental effort or concentration

Answer 28

controlled attention

Question 29

the ability to attend to one source of information while ignoring or excluding other ongoing messages

Answer 29

selective attention

Question 30

especially in auditory perception, unwanted, unattended messages are filtered or screened out so that only the attended message is encoded into the central processing mechanism

Answer 30

filtering; selecting

Question 31

a method in which two tasks are performed simultaneously, such that the attentional and processing demands of one or both tasks can be assessed and varied. Dual task methodology is commonly used in studies of attention and attention-dependent mental processing

Answer 31

dual task method

Question 32

selecting one message in a crowded, noisy environment

Answer 32

cocktail party effect

Question 33

selection or filtering based on early phases of perception

Answer 33

early selection

Question 34

selection or filtering based on the meaning and importance of information

Answer 34

late selection

Question 35

slower to respond to the target trials when they were preceded by irrelevant distractor primes compared to control trials where the ignored objects on the prime trial was an unrelated item

Answer 35

negative priming

Question 36

a delay in a second decision or response cycle if it is required immediately after a preceding decision

Answer 36

psychological refractory period

Question 37

a brief slowdown in mental processing due to having another very recent event

Answer 37

attentional blink

Question 38

occurring without conscious awareness or intention and consuming little, if any, of the available mental resources

Answer 38

automaticity

Question 39

mental processing that is intentional, involves conscious awareness, and consumes mental resources

Answer 39

conscious processing

Question 40

unintended, often automatic, actions that are inappropriate for the current situation

Answer 40

action slips

Question 41

the situation in which a person’s attention and thoughts wander from the current task to some other, inappropriate line of thoughts

Answer 41

mind wandering