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PSY 316 - Cognition > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

a hybrid term applied to the analysis of those handicaps in unman cognitive functioning that result from brain injury and other neurophysiological effects on cognition

A

cognitive neuroscience

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2
Q

Tulving’s term for the portion of long-term memory in which personally experienced information is stored (contrast with semantic memory)

A

Episodic memory

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3
Q

The long-term memory component in which general world knowledge is stored (contrast with episodic memory)

A

Semantic memory

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4
Q

Pattern of abilities and performance, especially among brain-damaged patients, revealing that one cognitive process can be disrupted while another remains intact. In a double dissociation, two patients show opposite patterns of disruption and preserved function, further evidence that the cognitive processes are functionally and anatomically separate

A

Dissociation

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5
Q

Complete separation

A

double dissociation

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6
Q

semantic retrieval (retrieving the meaning of a concept) could be intact while lexical retrieval (finding the name for the concept) could be disrupted

A

Anomia

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7
Q

Lack of dissociation

A

Association

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8
Q

A specialized cell that conducts neural information through the nervous system; the basic building block of the nervous system

A

Neuron

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9
Q

The change in electrical charge that occurs when a neuron “fires.” Neural firing follows the all-or-none principle, resulting in all __________ being the same

A

Action potential

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10
Q

The movement of an action potential from dendrites, through the soma, and down the axon

A

Propagated

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11
Q

The idea that either s neuron fires or it does not, with all action potentials being the same

A

All-or-none principle

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12
Q

Junction of two neurons; the small gap between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrites of another; as a verb, to form a junction with another neuron

A

Synapse

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13
Q

Neuron releases a chemical transmitter substance

A

Neurotransmitter

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14
Q

Neurotransmitter that may be involved in strengthening neural connections during long-term potentiation

A

Acetylcholine

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15
Q

Neurotransmitter that is involved in the creation of new memories

A

Norepinephrine

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16
Q

An excitatory neurotransmitter involved in strengthening connections between neurons during learning

A

Glutamate

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17
Q

An inhibitory neurotransmitter involved in weakening connections between neurons during learning

A

GABA

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18
Q

The temporary (days, weeks, or months) strengthening of connections between neurons as a temporary storage of memories prior to consolidation

A

Long-term potentiation

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19
Q

The more permanent establishment of memories in the neural architecture

A

Consolidation

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20
Q

Creation of new neurons. This may be involved in memory formation even into adulthood

A

Neurogenesis

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21
Q

Top layer of the brain, newest (neo-) in terms of the evolution of the species, divided into left and right hemispheres; the locus of most higher-level mental processes

A

Neocortex; cerebral cortex

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22
Q

“Inner room;” “inner chamber;” “gateway to the cortex”) major relay station from the sensory systems of the body to the cortex; almost all messages entering the cortex come through this

A

Thalamus

23
Q

The fiber neurons that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum

24
Q

An internal brain structure, just internal to the temporal lobes, strongly implicated in the storing of new information into long-term memory

A

Hippocampus

25
Q

An almond-shaped structure adjacent to one end of the hippocampus, often involved in emotion processing

A

Amygdala

26
Q

(Of the brain) frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal

A

Lobes

27
Q

Most forward part of the cortex, and important for the control of thought and action

A

Frontal lobe

28
Q

Portion of the cortex on the top, behind the frontal lobe and in front of the occipital lobe. This part of the cortex is important for sensory processing, spatial processing, and working memory

A

Parietal lobe

29
Q

Lobe at the back of the brain that is most heavily involved in vision

A

Occipital lobe

30
Q

Lobe of the cortex on the sides, below the frontal and parietal lobes. This lobe is important for audition and memory

A

Temporal lobe

31
Q

Numbered areas of the cortex that were identified by an analysis of physical differences in different parts of the brain. Useful in locating general ideas of the cortex

A

Brodmann’s areas

32
Q

(Left and right) the two major structures in the neocortex. In most people, the left cerebral hemisphere is especially responsible for language and other symbolic processing, and the right for nonverbal, perceptual processing

A

Cerebral hemisphere

33
Q

The principle that control of one side of the body is localized in the opposite-side cerebral hemisphere. The fact that the left hand, for instance, is largely under the control of the right cerebral hemisphere illustrates the principle of _________.

A

Contralaterality

34
Q

The principle that each cerebral hemisphere has specialized functions and abilities

A

Hemisphere specialization

35
Q

The principle that different functions or actions within the brain tend to be localized in one or the other hemisphere. For instance, motor control of the left side of the body is lateralized in the right hemisphere of the brain

A

Cerebral lateralization

36
Q

Refers to patients in whom the corpus callosum has been severed surgically and the resultant changes in their performance because of the surgery or, more generally, to research showing various specializations of the two cerebral hemispheres

A

Split-brain

37
Q

The band of cortex at the front of the parietal lobes responsible for processing sensory information from throughout the body

A

Sensory cortex

38
Q

The band of cortex at the back of the frontal lobe responsible for processing information about voluntary muscle movements throughout the body

A

motor cortex

39
Q

Neurons in the cortex specialized for planning and executing one’s own movement, as well as simulating the movement of others that are being observed

A

mirror neurons

40
Q

The neural pathway across the top of the cortex, stemming from visual processing areas in the occipital lobe, primarily responsible for processing information about where things are in the world

A

dorsal pathway

41
Q

The neural pathway along the bottom of the cortex, stemming from visual processing areas in the occipital lobe, primarily responsible for processing information about what things are in the world

A

ventral pathway

42
Q

The properties that emerges from collections of elements working together to create a new process of property that the individual elements lack

A

emergent properties

43
Q

Inserting a microelectrode into the brain to record the activity of a single cell

A

single cell recording

44
Q

refer to a recent development in cognitive theory, based on the notions that the several levels of knowledge necessary for performance can be represented as massive, interconnected networks; that performance consists of a high level of parallel processing among the several levels of knowledge; and that the basic building block of these interconnected networks is the simple connection between nodes stored in memory

A

connectionist; connectionism; neural net modeling; PDP modeling

45
Q

A computer-based technique for modeling complex systems where simple nodes or units that make up the system are interconnected is referred to as a

A

parallel distributed processing model.

46
Q

The pattern of dissociation is

A

a disruption in one component of mental functioning but no impairment of another.

47
Q

The top layer of the brain, responsible for higher-level mental processes.

A

neocortex

48
Q

The ________ pathway of visual information determines where things are in space, while the _________ pathway determines what things are.

A

dorsal; ventral

49
Q

This neuroinvestigative technique provides good information on “when” a mental process occurs but does not provide very good information on “where” in the brain that process occurs.

A

EEG

50
Q

Information is received by a neuron through the _____ and is transmitted towards other neurons through the ______.

A

dendrites; axon

51
Q

The receptive and control centers for one side of the body are in the opposite hemisphere of the brain. This is referred to as

A

contralaterality

52
Q 
Which of the following is NOT a type of neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Insulin
Glutamate
A

Insulin

53
Q

Long-term potentiation is the

A

strengthening of connection between neurons.

54
Q

The brain measuring technique called _________ uses x-rays to image the structures of the brain, while _________ uses magnetic fields to image brain structures.

A

CT scans; MRIs

PSY 316 - Cognition (13 decks)

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