Chapter 4 Flashcards
In the ______ Stage of learning, clients try to understand the new skill.
Cognitive (learning)
In the ______ Stage of learning, clients begin to master the basics and are ready for more specific feedback that will help them refine the motor skill.
Associative (learning)
In the ______ Stage of learning, clients are performing motor skills affectively and naturally in the personal trainer is doing less teaching and more observing.
Autonomous (learning)
What type of relationship is described by these four stages?
Action
Planning
Investigation
Rapport
Stages of the client-PT relationship
This stage begins with first impressions, using both effective verbal and nonverbal communication skills
Rapport
This stage is where the focus is on discussing the clients health, fitness, and lifestyle information, any available test results, physician recommendations, and the clients goals and exercise history.
During this stage active listening and utilizing the skills of motivational interviewing help the trainer understand the client as well as gauging the readiness to change
Investigation stage
During this stage the personal trainer designs an exercise program in partnership with the client, using effective verbal and nonverbal communication skills.
At this point clients are ready to begin working out and in the beginning of the action stage
Various adherence and motivation strategies, setting goals and programming.
Planning stage
The ability to understand someone else’s position as if you were in their shoes.
Requires being able to separate the unnecessary from the meaningful.
The ability to notice certain patterns of emotion such as a client getting upset when you talk about their challenge with weight loss.
The ability to be conscious of the difference between cultures while communicating.
Empathy
The ability to communicate and work effectively with people from different cultures
Cultural competence
Healthcare services that are tailored to individuals needs and provided in partnership with them
Person centered care
Voice quality- firm and confident
Eye contact- direct and friendly
Facial expression- concern, thoughtfulness, enjoyment
Hand gestures- relaxed, fluid
Body position- open, well balanced/ mirroring the client
These are all forms of what?
Nonverbal communication
Are you looking to change a specific behavior?
Are you willing to make this behavioral change a top priority?
Have you tried to change this behavior before?
Do you believe there are inherent risk/dangers associated with not making this behavioral change?
Are you committed to making this change even though it may prove challenging?
Do you have support for making this change from friends, family, and loved ones?
Besides health reasons, do you have other reasons for wanting to change this behavior?
Are you prepared to be patient with yourself if you encounter obstacles, barriers, or setbacks?
Lifestyle and health history questionnaire
This was designed to show supportive concern while challenging a clients current behavior — it is a method of speaking that motivates them to make a decision to change their behavior
It parallels with the ‘contemplation stage of change’ and the ‘ambivalence’ about behavior change
Directing style, guiding style, and change talk are all associated with this?
Motivational interviewing
What does OARS stand for and when is it used?
Open-ended questions
Affirmations
Reflective listening
Summarizing
It is a motivational interviewing technique
Motivational interviewing/OARS
______ is trainer talking with their clients to understand perspective in a non-judgemental way, this is developing rapport and building a helpful connection and working relationship.
______ is engaging leads on where the client would like to focus, a direction toward one or more goals and clarification on direction is determined
——— is is clients own motivations for change, prompting the client to voice their change talk it is considered the heart of motivational interviewing also includes sustain talk
____ is collaboration on how to execute change, talking through goals, Identify resources to achieve those goals, and set up ways to evaluate how the plan will work
Engaging
Focusing
Evoking
Planning
What stage of OARS is this?
Asking questions that require more of an answer than yes or no, draws our motivations and clear direction for change
An example of this would be:
“ what would you gain by exercising more?”
Asking open ended questions
What stage of OARS is this?
When the personal trainer makes encourages the positive behavior in a client
An example of this is:
“ you’ve spent some time thinking about exercise and have even tried a few workouts on your own. “
Offering affirmations
What stage of OARS is this?
A statement versus a question showing you are trying to understand the statement the client has made.
An example of this is:
“You’re worried that it is too hard to lose weight. “
Reflective listening
What stage of OARS is this?
When a personal trainer reflects two or more statements said by client— The longer version of reflective listening
An example of this is:
“Your past experiences with physical activity have left you feeling anxious about your abilities and you feel this ultimately leads you to quit a new exercise program after the first few workouts.“
Summarizing
A tendency that relies heavily on directing individuals to “fix“ what seems to be wrong with them in an effort to set them on a better path. This approach is often ineffective and counterproductive
“If you were arguing for a change in your client is arguing against it, you’ve got it exactly backward.”
Righting reflex
These are the steps of what stage?
Setting goals
Generating and discussing alternatives
Formulating a plan
Evaluating the exercise program
The planning stage
This theory says that it affects peoples performance, or inspire behavioral change through four primary mechanisms:
Directed attention
Mobilized effort
Persistence
Strategy
Goalsetting theory
These are all indicators for what??
You can measure your clients with these and see changes when they have adhered to the plan,
Emotional health indicator- improves mood, energy level, sleep, less stress
Resting heart rate- decrease in RHR
HR during a given submaximal workload- decrease in HR vs when first starting
Muscular strength and endurance- changes in weight, repetitions
Walking test- timed walking test
Flexibility- range of motion changes
Balance- popular among older adults, used when in balance training program
Skill level- improvements on motor skills test/performance
Medical indicators- Resting BP, blood lupus levels, blood sugar levels
Body weight- body comp changes in weight loss
Body size- clothes fit differently
Body composition- measuring skin
SMART goal setting
This is one of the most Effective ways to support behavioral change, including exercise program adherence and improved eating behaviors.
What are these two approaches?
FIRSTLY - increase self awareness, acting as a mirror to give clients a more objective view of their behaviors.
SECONDLY - Enhance client personal trainer communication, trainer can review the work out and can communicate about what is working and what is not leading to productive discussions
Self-monitoring
- One of the three domains of learning; describes intellectual activities and involves the learning of knowledge
Examples are Explaining health problems, how physical activity affects physiological variables, and how to prevent injury.
- Where trainer can “see” clients thinking about what to do, movements in this stage are often uncoordinated and jerky.
This is where the trainer should use “tell, show, do”
Cognitive domain / cognitive stage of learning
What are the three stages of motor learning?
Cognitive
Associative
Autonomous
This stage of learning is where clients begin to master the basics and are ready for more specific feedback that will help them refine the motor skill
Associative stage of learning
In this stage Clients are performing motor skills effectively and naturally, and the personal trainer is doing less teaching and more observing — this is where you can add in progressions oar introduce new exercises to the routine
Autonomous stage of learning
Preferred learning style indicators-
How does the client learn if this is how the scenario goes?
Client action: Watches intently/prefers reading
Client statement: “oh I see” or “let me see that again”
Strategy for teaching: demonstrations
Clients appreciate longer demonstrations and less talking
Visual
Preferred learning style indicators-
How does the client learn if this is how the scenario goes?
Client action: listens carefully/ prefers hearing
Client statement: “yeah I hear you” or “say that one more time”
Strategy to teach: question and answer
A lot of explanation and client asking a lot of questions
Auditory
Preferred learning style indicators-
How does the client learn if this is how the scenario goes?
Client actions: Touches or holds/ prefers to be spotted
Client statement: “I feel that” or “this does not feel right”
Strategy to teach: hands-on supervision
Clients learn by doing, needing to feel the movement
Kinesthetic
The motivational impact of feedback provided to a person learning a new task or behavior that provides information on progress
Knowledge of results
This type of feedback is the reinforcement, error correction, and encouragement that personal trainers give to their clients
Information received from an external source
Extrinsic feedback
This type of feedback is information that clients provide themselves based on their own sensory systems — What they feel see or hear
Provided by the clients themselves; the most important type of feedback for long-term program adherence
Intrinsic feedback
Feedback should do what three things?
- Provide _________ for what was done _______?
- Correct _________?
- ________ Clients to continue practicing and improving
- Reinforcement / well
- Correct
- Motivate
