Chapter 14 Flashcards
What is the leading cause of death in Americans?
CVD - cardiovascular disease
What are some possible signs and symptoms of CAD that a personal trainer might need to know about? These symptoms would necessitate terminating the exercise session.
Angina Dyspnea (difficult or labored breathing) Dizziness Pallor (paleness) Rapid heart rate above established targets
What are some risk factors that contribute to cardiovascular disease?
- family history
- hypertension
- smoking
- age
- diabetes
- poor lifestyle choices
What must a client who has documented CAD have prior to beginning an exercise program?
- a physician supervised maximal graded exercise test
* Furthermore, it’s most appropriate for personal trainers to work with low risk clients.
Sample exercise recommendation for clients with CAD
Begin with low intensity exercise like low impact aerobics, walking, swimming, or stationary cycling
Clients can be progressed to moderate intensity exercise using interval type training. Avoid isometric exercise because they can raise blood pressure. Resistance training program should use one set of 12 to 15 reps of 8 to 10 exercises
Low risk stable clients should start at an intensity of 40 to 50% of HRR
The total direction should be gradually increased to 30 minutes or more a continuous interval training. Clients should perform three to five days per week of aerobic training in two days for strength training
What is hypertension and how should the trainer approach an exercise program for someone with hypertension?
Hypertension is high blood pressure. Systolic >=130-139 and Diastolic >=80-89.
Important lifestyle changes include exercise, weight loss, sodium reduction, reduced fat and alcohol intake
Trainers should avoid isometric exercises and emphasize appropriate technique and breathing. Be sure to avoid the valsalva maneuver. Circuit training utilizing low to moderate resistance and high reps as opposed to heavy lifting is a great resistance training option.
Personal trainer should be aware of medications like beta blockers or calcium channel blockers because they can alter the heart rate response. Be sure the client knows how to use RPE to manage intensity, change positions slowly, and follow each exercise session with a cooldown. they should also pay attention to their hydration if they are taking a diuretic
How often should you recommend a client with hypertension workout?
4 to 7 days per week. Client should ideally strive to exercise 7 days a week due to the acute hypotensive effects experienced directly after exercise and for up to 22 hours.
What is a stroke?
What are the warning signs of a stroke?
A stroke occurs when blood supply to the brain is cut off or when a blood vessel in the brain bursts
- Sudden numbness or weakness of the face arms or legs
- Sudden confusion or trouble speaking or understanding others
- Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes
- Sudden problems walking, dizziness, or loss of balance
- Sudden severe headache with no cause
How should a trainer approach an exercise program for someone who has had a stroke?
Training someone who has had a stroke is mainly about them regaining function, coordination, and balance. Unfortunately it will not include providing adequate aerobic stimulus to reverse any deconditioning that has occurred as a result of the stroke
Training does however reduce the overall risk of CAD and recurrence stroke.
As a trainer you should follow the same guidelines for stroke patients that you do for someone who has CAD or Hypertension. Clients should start with 3 days and progress to 5. Also start with 3 minutes and gradually build to 30 minutes over time.
What is PVD and what are its implications for exercise?
PVD is peripheral vascular disease. It is a blood circulation disorder. People with this disorder may also have underlying CAD (coronary artery disease). The personal trainer should pay close attention to the client’s feet and encourage proper footwear. clients should also avoid exercising in the cold air or water to reduce the risk of vasoconstriction.
What is dyslipidemia and what should the personal trainer know about designing an exercise program for a person with dyslipidemia?
Dyslipidemia is elevated levels of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol.
*LDL is the bad cholesterol while HDL is the good
The impact of exercise on blood lipid profiles is most profound with decreases in body fat. When combined with dietary changes that decrease body weight, exercise is a very effective means of improving lipid profiles in many people
What are some of the benefits of exercise for people with diabetes?
Type 1: while it does not help to control glucose levels, exercise does improve functional capacity, reduce risk for CAD, and improve insulin receptor sensitivity
Type 2: helps in the prevention of CAD, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and other diabetes related complications. It also improves lipid profiles and hypertension fibrinolysis
What is diabetes and what are its implications on an exercise program?
Diabetes is a group of diseases characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects and insulin production, insulin action, or both.
Type 1: develops when bodies immune system destroys beta cells that produce insulin. Can occur at any age, frequently in children and young adults. It requires regular insulin delivered by injections or a pump to regulate blood glucose levels.
Type 2: most common form of diabetes, initially presents as insulin resistance meaning cells do not use insulin properly. Pancreas loses ability to produce insulin. Initial treatment includes weight loss, diet modification, and exercise. Approximately 75% of people with type 2 are obese making weight loss an important goal to help reverse the condition.
Gestational Diabetes: glucose intolerance that forms during pregnancy. Having gestational diabetes increases the risk of developing diabetes later in life by seven times.
Exercise Implications: Just like with most of the diseases in this chapter the diabetic should be thoroughly screened by a physician and cleared to exercise prior to beginning a program. The client should also develop a diet, exercise, and proper medication intake with guidance from a physician or diabetes educator. Gradual warm-up and cool-down periods should be a part of every exercise session blood glucose levels should be measured before and after each exercise session. If the blood glucose level is below 100 then the exercise session should be postponed or delayed. Same thing if the blood glucose level is above 300
What is MET’s? What are its implications on exercise?
metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions that increases a person’s risk for developing heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and stroke. It affects more than 25% of the population. Characteristics are abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, increased blood pressure, insulin resistance, pro-inflammatory state, and prothrombotic state.
The primary treatment for metabolic syndrome is lifestyle interventions such as increased physical activity, healthy diet, and quitting tobacco, ETC.
Because a large portion of people with metabolic syndrome are obese, the program the trainer designs should be based around guidelines for the treatment of overweight clients. Because of this non-weight-bearing activities such as aquatic exercise may be good to begin with. You should also encourage the client to develop a more active lifestyle by looking for opportunities to use more energy throughout their day like taking the stairs, parking further away, and ensuring they get up and move. Clients should have a Target total of 200 to 300 minutes of exercise using a gradual progression.
What is asthma and what are its implications on an exercise program?
Asthma is a inflammatory disorder that is characterized by shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, and chest tightness. It is typically set off by allergens, irritants, viruses, stress, cold air or exercise.
Since exercise induced asthma (EIA) can be brought on by hyperventilation, individuals with asthma should undertake gradual and prolonged warm up and cool down periods. This will allow clients to utilize the refractory period to lessen the broncos spastic response during high intensity exercise.
Clients should always:
- have rescue medication on hand
- drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration
- avoid extremely hot or cold days for exercise
- increase intensity of workout gradually
- decrease activity or cease altogether if asthmatic symptoms are present
