Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Define: skepticism

A
  • an attitude of doubt or disposition to incredulity either in general or toward a particular object
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2
Q

Define: confirmation bias

A

tendency to believe things that you want to be true

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3
Q

Define: placebo

A

a treatment for a disease or condition which is deliberately ineffective

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4
Q

Define: double blind study

A

a study where neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment; this type of study removes confirmation bias

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5
Q

Define: fallacy

A
  • incorrect argument in logic that undermines the argument’s validity (example: penguins are black and white; some old tv shows are black and white; therefore, some penguins are old tv shows)
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6
Q

Define: meta-analyses

A

a statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies for better statistical power and ID patterns

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7
Q

Define: systematic reviews of randomised control trials (RTC)

A
  • review of literature that identifies and synthesizes all high quality research evidence relevant to that question
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8
Q

Define: epidemiological and observational studies (EOS)

A
  • study that compares the health of populations as they present themselves without any manipulation
  • example: comparing 2 different populations (exercisers vs non exercisers) and observe any CORRELATIONS that exist between groups and variables of interests (heart disease, etc). We will never claim CAUSATION.
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9
Q

Explain the concept: correlation is not causation

A
  • correlation: relationship between 2 ideas/ facts (A relates to B)
  • causation: A causes B to occur
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10
Q

Define the scientific method; Explain the steps in the scientific method (5-6; depends)

A
- process for experimentation that is used to explore observations and answer questions
STEPS
1. observation
2. question
3. hypothesis
4. experiment
5. accept/ reject hyopthesis
IF you reject the hypothesis
6. form a new hypothesis and experiment onwards
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11
Q

Explain the difference between observational studies and experiments; explain the main concept our prof stressed when it comes to observational studies

A
  • observational study: nonexperimental investigation of the effects caused by a treatment (basically collect data and infer based on what is collected); many reported results in the media are observational studies
  • experiment: method of APPLYING treatments to a group and recording the effects
  • CONCEPT: you cannot find PROOF in an observational study. You cannot base decision making SOLELY on an observation
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12
Q

Explain the 6 important guidelines you should follow if you were to do an epidemiology and observational study

A
  • the association between exercise and health must be repeatable (reliable)
  • the association between exercise and health must
    be strong
  • the association between exercise and health must
    be logical
  • all studies should start with a logical hypothesis
  • any dose-response relationship (biological gradient) must be logical
  • no other obvious causation should be able to
    affect the results
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13
Q

What is the problem of a systems approach to group training?

A
  • 1 approach to training will not be effective for everyone
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14
Q

Explain the single subject experiment; what is important to remember about this type of experiment (2)?

A
  • type of study where you design an exercise regime for someone and systematically measure the results before and after a period of time to see if your goal is reached.
  • you can only claim that program has worked for that individual, not everyone. Also you cannot infer causality because there is no control group to compare to.
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15
Q

Quiz yourself: Which of these would constitute the best evidence?:

  • systemic reviews of large numbers of RTC
  • single large RTC
  • observational studies
  • epidemiological studies
  • strong beliefs
A

systemic reviews of large numbers of RTC

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