Chapter 12 Flashcards
Pulmonary Circulation
Circulation between heart and lungs. Goes through pulmonary veins and arteries.
Systemic circuit
Blood flows throughout the body. oxygenated blood in arteries, deoxygenated blood in veins
Cardiac Output (Q)
Heart rate x Stroke Volume
The amount of blood pumped in a minute by either left or right ventricle.
Strove Volume (SV)
Amount of blood pumped by either left or right ventricle per beat
Heart Rate (HR)
Number of heart beats per minute
Skeletal Muscle Pump (Venous return)
- At rest, Both proximal and distal valves are open
- Muscle contractions milks the blood towards the heart. Bottom valve close preventing downward flow
- Upon relaxation, top valve closes to prevent the blood from flowing back down. Middle section is ‘empty’ Blood pressure higher than foot.
Bottom valve opens up and let the blood through
Alveoli
Thin walled elastic hollow sacs
Vital surface for gas exchange
Lungs
4-6 litres
Millions of Alveoli
Maintains a constant favourable pressure gradient for exchange of O2 and CO2 between Alveoli and Capillaries.
Ventilation Rule
Air molecules moves from high pressure to low pressure
Inspiration
Diaphragm + external intercostal muscle contract
Increase volume in lung
Creates low pressure in the lung
Air flows in
Expiration
Predominantly passive. The inspiratory muscles relax Lung volume decreased Pressure increased in lung Air flows out
Minute Ventilation (Ve)
Volume of air inspired or expired in one minute
Vt x Fr) or (tidal volume x respiratory frequency
Tidal Volume (Vt)
Volume of air ventilated per BREATH
Respiratory frequency (Fr)
Number of Breath per minute
Hematocrit
Portion of of blood composed of blood cells and formed elements
Ranges from 40-50% in males, 35-45% in Female
Plasma makes up 50-60% of blood by volume and is 90-95 % water
Oxyhemoglobin(HbO2)
Hb + O2 = HbO2
Hemoglobin + oxygen = Oxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin
Is iron-containing protein that reversely binds with oxygen molecules
98% of oxygen in blood is carried by Red blood cell in chemical combination with hemoglobin
Systolic blood pressure
Pressure against arteriole wall when left ventricle (SYSTOLE) contracts
Diastolic Blood Pressure
Pressure in arteries between Ventricular contractions ( DIASTOLE)
Pulse Pressure
Systolic pressure - Diastolic Pressure
Represents driving force of the heart
Hypertension
Medical term for high blood pressure
Blood pressure response for dynamic exercises
Systolic BP increases as exercise intensity increase
Diastolic BP remain constant/ slightly goes up
Blood Pressure response during Static exercise
Significant increase to resistance in blood flow
Large rise in both Systolic and Diastolic BP
What is change in flow during exercise caused by (3)
Increased BP
Dilation of arterioles
Decreased blood flow to other tissues
State the fick equation
- see google doc
VO2 max
highest oxygen use an individual can attain during physical exercise at sea level
Factors that determine VO2 max (4)
- ability of the heart to pump blood
- oxygen carrying capacity of the blood (hemoglobin content)
- ability of the working muscles to accept a large blood supply
- ability of the muscle cells to extract oxygen from the capillary blood and use it to produce energy
List some factors that endurance performance depends on
- VO2 max
- Anaerobic or lactate threshold (LT2)
- Individual variation in mechanical efficiency
- Motivation
- Available fuel (diet)
- Correct training and recovery cycles
- Daily variation
Describe the systemic cardiorespiratory changes from aerobic training
- Improved CR system capacity, hormonal changes,
improved cellular aerobic mechanisms, improved emotional well-being
Describe the systemic cardiorespiratory changes you will notice of a person at rest (3)
- heart mass and heart volume increase
- decrease in heart rate and increase in stroke volume (NO CHANGE IN CARDIAC OUTPUT)
- increase in blood volume and total hemoglobin content (but not hemoglobin concentration)
Describe the systemic cardiorespiratory changes during submaximal exercise
- Decrease in heart rate and an increase in stroke volume
for a given sub-maximal workload. - Slight decrease in cardiac output for a given submaximal workload (better a-vO2diff and less work for the heart).
- No change or slight decrease in oxygen consumption at
a given sub-maximal workload. Any decrease is probably due to an increase in mechanical efficiency. - Decrease in the amount of air breathed at a particular
rate of sub-maximal oxygen consumption
Describe the systemic cardiorespiratory changes during maximal exercise
• No change or more likely a slight decrease in maximal heart rate.
• Increase in maximum stroke volume.
• Increase in maximum cardiac output.
• Increase in maximal (a-v)O2 difference.
• Hence if the two factors above increase, there must also be an
increase in maximum oxygen consumption. Refer to the Fick
equation discussed above if you are not sure about this
statement.
• Increase in endurance performance.
• Increase in maximum minute ventilation.
Quiz yourself: describe the systemic cardiorespiratory effects you would observe in an individual who undergoes 4 months of aerobic conditioning
- at rest
- during submaximal exercise
- during maximal exercise
-
Which parts of the heart work together as pumps? A. the atria and the aorta B. ventricles and the atria C. the endocardium and the pericardium D. the aorta and the pulmonary artery E. the inferior and superior venae cavae
B. ventricles and the atria
Blood that travels from the pulmonary veins back to the heart is: A. oxygen-rich B. T-cell-rich C. deoxygenated D. evaporated E. hemoglobinated
A: oxygen rich
Which of these muscles are not involved in inspiration? A. diaphragm B. external intercostals C. abdominal muscles D. all three are involved
C
One result of developing cardiovascular fitness is to A. decrease stroke volume B. decrease resting heart rate C. decrease blood volume D. decrease maximum breathing capacity E. increase haemoglobin concentration
B
The amount of air breathed per breath is called: A. total lung capacity B. respiratory ventilation C. respiratory volume D. tidal volume E. minute ventilation
D
If the oxygen uptake is 3 L.min-1 and the (a-v)O2
difference is 150 ml O2 per litre of blood, the cardiac
output is _____ L·min-1:
A. 4.5
B. 20
C. 153
D. 450
B
