Chapter 11 Flashcards
Energy systems, fatigue, and recovery
what is the definition of energy
the capacity or ability to work
what is the definition of power
the rate of change of energy, or how quickly you can perform work.
what is power output in this context
rate at which the working muscles can produce energy.
what are the components of ATP
nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, and oxygen (4)
how is ATP broken down
broken when the phosphate bonds are broken and release energy, it is then resynthesized
what is ATP used as
an immediate energy source for muscle contractions.
does the body produce ATP at the same location ?
No, there are different “factories” that the body can produce ATP from, and each will have a preference in regards to what it likes to use (eg. fats, proteins.. etc)
Define: Metabolism
the sum of all chemical reactions in the body
Do anaerobic processes require oxygen to make ATP
no they do not require oxygen,
eg. weightlifting
Do aerobic processes require oxygen to make ATP
Yes, they do
eg. running a marathon
when exercising, which energy system is typically used
both energy systems are always on, it just depends which one is dominant, not black and white,
What is the phosphagen system
the immediate energy system,
when is the Phosphagen energy system most dominant?
in activities which require high power outputs such as sprinting, and weight lifting
what does the Phosphagen system use to make more ATP
used stored ATP and PC
how does the phosphagen system make more ATP
ATP is broken down into adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate (ADP + Pi) and this releases energy to power muscular work.
- 3 phosphates
- ATP is also being resynthsised by using the energy released when the CP chemical bonds are being broken
(a coupled reaction)
active recovery is important
Define: peak power
- power that uses stored ATP because the activities only take a few seconds
- do not rely on CP to refuel ATP
Define: Sustained power
- where high power output is maintained for several seconds
- eg. 60 m to 100 m sprints
- athlete will deplete CP storage as ADP and Pi are resynthesized into ATP
what is the chemical reaction for ATP
see graph in notes
-> ADP + Pi + energy
What is the chemical reaction for CP
see graph in notes
-> C + P = Energy
what is the Glycolytic system
uses stored CHO (glucose / glycogen as fuel ) pathways produces lactate
Define: glycolysis
the chemical breakdown of glycogen or glucose. breakes down the glycogen stored in muscles to make glucose to circulate through the blood
how long can ATP be produced rapidly using the glycotic system
30-90 seconds (sub max)
when is the glycolytic system typically in use
- when oxygen demand exceed oxygen
supplies, used as a “kick” at the end of a long race - severe exercise where oxygen demand is exceeding oxygen supply
define: oxidative system
- on all the time,
for the aerobic energy system , - uses carbohydrates, fats and proteins as fuel
what role does the mitochondria play in the body
- powerhouse of the cell, can produces ATP when lacking in oxygen
What happens to the pyruvate molecules in the presence of oxygen during the glycolysis process? What happens if oxygen isn’t present?
no oxygen = lactate
oxygen = acetyl coenzyme A
when would lactate be produced
when the intensity of the workout is high
Define: electron transport chain
Electrons and H+ ions combine with oxygen to form water an ATP
Glucose can be made available for our muscle cells to use by what 2 methods?
- glucose molecules pass from the blood into the muscle cell interior
- glucose splits from glycogen stores in the muscle itself
Where is glycogen stored(2)?
- liver
- muscle tissue
Which produces the greatest amount of calories? Fat, carbs, or proteins? What does this mean in terms of energy storage?
- fat. Fat is the most ideal way for our body to store energy
Define: aerobic lipolysis
- the oxidation of fat
define: EPOC
a measurably increased rate of oxygen intake following strenuous activity
Fill in the blank for this key concept: Endurance training does not reduce lactate production but rather _______________
- improves its clearance from the
blood.
Looking at figure 11.8, when you’re close to and above LT2, what is fatigue likely due to?
- an inability to continue buffering high muscle acidity at the required rate
How can caffeine help an endurance athlete before a race? (2)
- increases calcium release during fatigue
- can mobilize fatty acids from adipose tissue and enhance endurance performance
- Define: DOMS
- What causes DOMS?
- damage to muscle fibres and associated connective tissue
Why is creatine kinase a marker for muscle damage?
- A blood sample taken from marathon runners the day after a competition shows that levels of creatine kinase are very high because this enzyme leaks from damaged muscles
True or false: stretching helps reduce post exercise muscle soreness
- false
