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IT Fundamentals + > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three major classifications of software for computing?

A

Operating Systems

Applications

Drivers

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2
Q

Operating System (OS):

A

the center through which the system hardware, other software, and the user communicate

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3
Q

Application:

A

is a piece of software used to accomplish a particular task; it is written to supplement the commands available to a particular OS

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4
Q

Driver:

A

allows the OS to understand properly how the hardware works and what it is able to do

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5
Q

Fortran:

A

the first computer programming language

allowed programmers to create simple commands that told the computer to execute several commands

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6
Q

UNIX:

A

created in 1969 by a group of engineers from Bell Labs

written in programming language called C

could work on different hardware platforms

distributed for free

open-source code

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7
Q

Star workstation:

A

created in 1981 by Xerox

had the first window-based graphical user interface (GUI), mouse, internet, and email

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8
Q

Command lines or console:

A

where you type commands

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9
Q

Linux:

A

created in 1991 by Linus Torvalds

has foundations in UNIX and is open source

is a kernel

the internet runs on Linux

command-line interface

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10
Q

Kernel:

A

the central part of the OS

controls all actions of the OS, including input and output

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11
Q

Version:

A

a particular revision of a piece of software, normally described by a number

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12
Q

Source:

A

the actual code that defines how a piece of software works

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13
Q

Closed source:

A

only an owner or developer can modify or examine the code

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14
Q

Shell:

A

a program that runs on top of the OS and allows the user to issue commands through a set of menus or other interface

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15
Q

Graphical User Interface (GUI):

A

a method by which a person communicates with a computer using graphical images, icons, and methods other than text.

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16
Q

Cooperating Multitasking:

A

computers focus on only one application at a time

switch back and forth between applications so quickly that it appears that they are doing multiple things at one

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17
Q

Preemptive Multitasking:

A

a multitasking method in which the OS allots each application a certain amount of processor time and then forcibly takes back control and gives another application or task access to the processor

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18
Q

Multithreading:

A

the ability of a single application to have multiple requests (threads) in to the processor at one time

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19
Q

Drivers or device drivers:

A

tells the OS how to talk to the specific piece of hardware and how to use its features

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20
Q

Folders:

A

system of directories to store data in a hierarchical manner

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21
Q

Directory tree:

A

data saved is started at the root of the hard drive and branches out from there

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22
Q

Performance Monitor:

A

Windows tool to monitor system health

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23
Q

baseline:

A

is set up by administrators to know what normal performance looks like

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24
Q

What are the five categories of OS?

A

Workstation OS

Server OS

Mobile OS

Virtual OS

Embedded OS

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25
Q

Workstation OS:

A

the first OS in existence

designed to let users perform tasks on a single machine

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26
Q

What are the four most important workstation OS in the market?

A

Linux

macOS

Windows

Chrome OS

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27
Q

Distribution:

A

the combination of a shell, shell utilities, a desktop environment, and desktop applications

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28
Q

Most Linux distributions today come from one of these three families:

A

Debian

Slackware

RPM

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29
Q

What year did Apple’s Macintosh computer come out?

A

1984

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30
Q

What year did Apple rename its OS to macOS?

A

2016

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31
Q

macOS:

A

preinstalled on every Mac

can buy any of several versions on the Apple Store

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32
Q

Windows OS:

A

largest installed base in the desktop and laptop PC market

has over 80 percent of the desktop and laptop market

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33
Q

Chrome OS:

A

created in 2011

supposed to be lightweight and get provide internet access

everything is stored on the cloud

requires an Internet connection

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34
Q

Netbook:

A

smaller, more portable computers

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35
Q

Chromebook:

A

a netbook with Chrome OS

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36
Q

What are the three categories of server OS?

A

Linux-Based (designed to be full-enterprise-level servers)

Mac-Based (designed for small business, schools, and individuals)

Windows-Based (designed for all businesses)

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37
Q

Linux-Based Server OS names:

A

Red Hat Enterprise

SUSE Enterprise

Ubuntu Server

CentOS

Debian

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38
Q

Apple iOS:

A

one of the most dominant players in the mobile OS market

has more than 40 percent of the mobile and tablet market share

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39
Q

Android:

A

one of the most dominant player in the mobile OS market

has over one billion active monthly users

Linux based

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40
Q

When was Apple iOS released?

A

2007

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41
Q

When was Android released?

A

2008

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42
Q

When was Windows Mobile released?

A

2000

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43
Q

Windows Mobile:

A

a small presence in the mobile world

looks like Windows 10 for PC

2 percent of the market share

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44
Q

Virtualization:

A

creating virtual environments where “computers” can operate

often used to let multiple OSs run on one physical machine at the same time

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45
Q

Virtual Machine (VM):

A

the virtualized version of a computer

makes technology like the cloud possible

are able to pool resources from multiple physical servers into what appears to be one system to the client

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46
Q

Hypervisor or Virtual Machine Manager (VMM):

A

allows multiple OS to share the same host

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47
Q

What are the two types of hypervisors?

A

Type 1

Type 2

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48
Q

Type 1 hypervisor or bare-metal hypervisor:

A

sits directly on the hardware

most commonly used for server-side virtualization

has no host OS involved and the system is dedicated to supporting virtualization

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49
Q

Type 2 hypervisor:

A

sits on top of a host OS and consumes resources such as processor time and memory

most commonly used for client-side virtualization

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50
Q

What are some examples of Type 1 hypervisors?

A

Microsoft Hyper-V

VMware ESX

Citrix XenServer

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51
Q

What are some examples of Type 2 hypervisors?

A

Microsoft Virtual PC

Virtual Server

Oracle VirtualBox

VMware Workstation

KVM

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52
Q

Embedded OS:

A

are designed to be small and efficient

typically only being responsible for a single task

there is no flexibility

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53
Q

Firmware:

A

embedded OS responsible for managing the device’s specific hardware

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54
Q

What are things an OS needs to manage?

A

User accounts

Access control

Applications

Processes

Services

Devices

Disk space

Memory

Files, folders, and permissions

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55
Q

User account:

A

is an identity by which you’re known when using the OS

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56
Q

Permissions:

A

privileges grouped together into bundles

57
Q

Privileges:

A

enables you to grant access to the system to someone whom perhaps you don’t trust to have full access to it

58
Q

What are the three common levels of users?

A

Administrator

Standard User

Guest

59
Q

Administrator user level:

A

can do almost anything they want

60
Q

Standard user level:

A

can access files but not make system configuration changes

61
Q

Guest user level:

A

account has limited access

62
Q

Access Control:

A

only administrators or other authorized users can make system changes such as changing security settings and installing new applications or drivers

63
Q

User Account Control (UAC)

A

Windows Access Control

64
Q

Windows Registry:

A

maintains all system settings

without it Windows won’t work

65
Q

Process:

A

every task running on a computer

66
Q

What are the ways to get to Task Manager?

A

Click Start, type Task Manager, and click it

Press Ctrl+Alt+Del and click Task Manager

Press Ctrl+Shift+Esc

Press the Windows key+X and click Task Manager

Right-click the taskbar and click Task Manager

67
Q

Killing The Process:

A

Clicking end task in task manager to shut app down

68
Q

Task Scheduler:

A

you can schedule tasks to run at a certain time

69
Q

Service:

A

is a software package that provides additional features

dozens run on a computer at one time

some are active, while some run quietly in the background waiting to be activated

70
Q

Devices:

A

all hardware installed in the computer

71
Q

Device Manager:

A

hardware management interface

is where you go if a device isn’t being detected or working properly

72
Q

Partition:

A

walled-off sections of disk space that you intend to use for storage

needs to be formatted with a file system

can be more than one on a single hard drive if there is enough space

73
Q

Swap file or page file:

A

the area of hard drive space used for temporary storage when physical RAM is running low

74
Q

Directory:

A

the folder that the data file I s located in

75
Q

Formatting:

A

lays down the tracks for data storage, based on the type of file system you choose

76
Q

File systems are responsible for managing the following:

A

Disk Space and File Access

Filenames and Directories

File Metadata and Attributes

Security

Journaling

77
Q

Metadata:

A

information such as the file’s name, size, last time it was saved, and other attributes, such as read-only, hidden, or that the file has been changed since the last time it was backed up

78
Q

Compression:

A

making the file smaller to take up less disk space

79
Q

Encryption:

A

encoding the file so that only authorized users can read it

80
Q

What are the two ways of managing changing a file?

A

Write the change directly to the drive

Write the change to a special file called a journal

81
Q

File:

A

a collection of information or data that has a name

82
Q

What are some options for manipulating files about which you should be aware?

A

Open

Edit

New

Move

Copy

Cut

Paste

Delete

Rename

83
Q

macOS release dates; notes:

System 1

A

1984; First widely popular GUI

84
Q

macOS release dates; notes:

System 2

A

1985; Introduces hierarchical file system

85
Q

macOS release dates; notes:

System 5

A

1987; Adds cooperative multitasking

86
Q

macOS release dates; notes:

System 7

A

1991; User interface redesign, virtual memory support, true 32-bit OS, and other enhancements

87
Q

macOS release dates; notes:

Mac OS 7.6

A

1997; Name change to make it easier for Apple to license OS to manufacturers of Mac clones

88
Q

macOS release dates; notes:

Mac OS X

A

1999; Major architecture change

89
Q

macOS release dates; notes:

OS X

A

2012; Name change

90
Q

macOS release dates; notes:

macOS

A

2016; Siri on the desktop, integrated Apple Pay, new Apple File System, better graphics capabilities, better integration with mobile OSs

91
Q

Mac OS X Versions Release Year:

Cheetah

A

2001

92
Q

Mac OS X Versions Release Year:

Puma

A

2001

93
Q

Mac OS X Versions Release Year:

Jaguar

A

2002

94
Q

Mac OS X Versions Release Year:

Panther

A

2003

95
Q

Mac OS X Versions Release Year:

Tiger

A

2005

96
Q

Mac OS X Versions Release Year:

Leopard

A

2007

97
Q

Mac OS X Versions Release Year:

Snow Leopard

A

2009

98
Q

Mac OS X Versions Release Year:

Lion

A

2011

99
Q

Mac OS X Versions Release Year:

Mountain Lion

A

2012

100
Q

Mac OS X Versions Release Year:

Yosemite

A

2014

101
Q

Mac OS X Versions Release Year:

El Capitan

A

2015

102
Q

Mac OS X Versions Release Year:

Sierra

A

2016

103
Q

Mac OS X Versions Release Year:

High Sierra

A

2017

104
Q

Release Year; Notes:

Windows 1.0

A

1985; A graphical interface for MS-DOS. Not widely received

105
Q

Release Year; Notes:

Windows 3.0

A

1990; The first serious competitor to Apple’s graphical OS. Supported multitasking and virtual memory

106
Q

Release Year; Notes:

Windows 95

A

Introduced the Start button

107
Q

Release Year; Notes:

Windows XP

A

2001; First Microsoft OS for home use with the Windows NT kernel. First 64-bit Microsoft OS version intended for home use

108
Q

Release Year; Notes:

Windows 7

A

2009; Available in 32- and 64-bit versions. Most popular desktop and laptop OS until Windows 10 launch it still has a large install base

109
Q

Release Year; Notes:

Windows 8

A

2012; Originally removed the Start button, optimized for touchscreen systems. Not as successful as Windows 7

110
Q

Release Year; Notes:

Windows 10

A

Several major upgrades including Cortana and better integration with mobile devices

111
Q

iOS versions Release Year; features:

1.0

A

2007; First finger-based touchscreen, iTunes connectivity, Safari web browser, on-screen virtual keyboard

112
Q

iOS versions Release Year; features:

2.0

A

2008; App Store for third-party apps, full email support for Microsoft Exchange

113
Q

iOS versions Release Year; features:

3/0

A

2009; Voice control; the ability to cut, copy, and paste; Spotlight search; landscape keyboard

114
Q

iOS versions Release Year; features:

3.2

A

2010; Support for iPad, including iPad resolutions and Bluetooth keyboards

115
Q

iOS versions Release Year; features:

4.0

A

2010; Multitasking, FaceTime video chat, ability to create folders on home screen for apps

116
Q

iOS versions Release Year; features:

5.0

A

2011; Siri, iCloud, iMessage

117
Q

iOS versions Release Year; features:

6.0

A

2012; Sire enhancements, Passbook, Facebook integration

118
Q

iOS versions Release Year; features:

7.0

A

2013; New visual interface, Control Center, iTunes Radio, biometric thumbprint scanner

119
Q

iOS versions Release Year; features:

8.0

A

2014; Widgets (Third-party apps can update you in the Notification Center), several app upgrades, family sharing of photos, calendars, and purchases

120
Q

iOS versions Release Year; features:

9.0

A

2015; Find my iPhone preinstalled, wireless CarPlay, new Siri interface

121
Q

iOS versions Release Year; features:

10.0

A

2016; Can hide home screen icons for built-in apps, new Maps interface, Photos has facial recognition and Memories feature

122
Q

iOS versions Release Year; features:

11.0

A

2017; 64-bit only -older 32-bit devices not supported, new App Store interface, new Files app, Siri can translate into a few languages

123
Q

Android OS versions Release Year; Name; Selected Features:

1.0

A

2008, (none), Web browser, many Google apps, media player, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth support

124
Q

Android OS versions Release Year; Selected Features:

1.5

A

2009; Cupcake; Widgets (mini apps that can be embedded in other apps and provide notifications), auto-rotation of screen

125
Q

Android OS versions Release Year; Selected Features:

2.0

A

2009; Eclair; Microsoft Exchange email support, camera and keyboard improvements

126
Q

Android OS versions Release Year; Selected Features:

2.2

A

2010; Froyo; Wi-Fi hotspot functionality, speed and memory optimizations

127
Q

Android OS versions Release Year; Selected Features:

2.3

A

2010-11; Gingerbread; Support for multiple cameras, better power management, voice or video chat using Google Talk

128
Q

Android OS versions Release Year; Selected Features:

3.0

A

2011; Honeycomb; First tablet-only version of Android

129
Q

Android OS versions Release Year; Selected Features:

4.0

A

2011; Ice Cream Sandwich; Major improvements to “Holo” interface and system functionality

130
Q

Android OS versions Release Year; Selected Features:

4.1

A

2012; Jelly Bean; Google Now personal assistant, swipe directly to camera, better clock, Bluetooth improvements

131
Q

Android OS versions Release Year; Selected Features:

4.4

A

2013; KitKat; Wireless printing

132
Q

Android OS versions Release Year; Selected Features:

5.0

A

2014; Lollipop; 64-bit support, refreshed design

133
Q

Android OS versions Release Year; Selected Features:

6.0

A

2015; Marshmallow; Fingerprint reader support, Doze mode reduces CPU speed when screen is off to save battery life

134
Q

Android OS versions Release Year; Selected Features:

7.0

A

2016; Nougat; Improved Doze and file browser VR interface

135
Q

Android OS versions Release Year; Selected Features:

8.0

A

2017; Oreo; Major modular architecture change called Project Treble adaptive icons, notification improvements.

136
Q

Mobile Windows versions Release Year; Features:

Windows Phone 7

A

2010; Based on Windows CE

137
Q

Mobile Windows versions Release Year; Features:

Windows Phone 8

A

2012; Uses Windows NT kernel; apps can theoretically work on both platforms seamlessly

138
Q

Mobile Windows versions Release Year; Features:

Windows Phone 8.1

A

2014; Interface upgrades, Cortana voice assistant, dropped requirements for physical Start and Search buttons on device

139
Q

Mobile Windows versions Release Year; Features:

Windows 10 Mobile

A

2015; Integrated with Windows 10 platform

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