Chapter 4 Flashcards
What is an aqueous solution?
water is the solvent in the solution
What is a solution?
homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances
What is a solvent?
the substance that is present in the greatest amount in the solution
What is a solute?
all other substances in the solution that is dissolved by the solvent
What is an electrolyte?
substance that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water (solvent)
What is a non electrolyte?
substance that does NOT dissociate into ions when dissolved in water (solvent)
What is dissociation?
where water surrounds the separated ions
What is solvation?
when water molecules are solvating the ions to help stabilize them in solution and prevent them from recombining
What is a strong electrolyte?
one that dissociates COMPLETELY when dissolved in water (ie:NaCl)
What is a weak electrolyte?
one that dissociates PARTIALLY when dissolved in water (ie: acetic acid)
What is a precipitation reaction?
when 2 solutions containing soluble salts are mixed and produces a water-insoluble salt
What is a precipitation reaction also called?
“salting out”
What is a precipitate?
insoluble solid formed by a reaction in solution
What is solubility of a substance at a given temperature?
the amount of substance that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent
What is metathesis?
to transpose (exchange) the ions in the reactants compounds with each other
What is a metathesis reaction also called?
double replacement
What are the 6 ions that soluble ionic compounds must contain?
NO3- | CH3COO- | Cl- | Br- | I- | (SO4)2-
When are Cl-, Br-, and I- not soluble? When paired with which 3 cations?
Ag+ | Pb2+ | Hg2+
When is (SO4)2- not soluble? When paired with which 4 cations?
Sr2+ | Ba2+ | Hg2+ Pb2+
What are the 4 aniona that insoluble compounds contain?
S2- | OH- | (CO3)2- | (PO4)3-
When are S2- and OH- soluble? When paired with which 4 cations and which group?
NH4+ | Ca2+ | Ba2+ | Sr2+ | Group 1A cations
When are (CO3)2- and (PO4)3- soluble? When paired with which cation and which group?
NH4+ | Group 1A
What are the 3 ways to write a metathesis reaction?
molecular euqation | complete ionic equation | net ionic equation
What are the 3 steps to predicting whether or not a precipitate will form when electrolytes mix?
1) note the ions present | 2) consider the possible ionic combinations | 3) refer to the solubility guidelines
What is a molecular equation?
showing the complete chemical formulas of reactants and products
What is a complete ionic equation?
all soluble strong electrolytes shown as ions
What is a net ionic equation?
shows only the ions molecules directly involved in the reaction after spectator ions are cancelled
What is an Arrhenius acid?
substances that increase the H+ concentration when dissolved in water
What is an Arrhenius base?
substances that increase the OH- concentration when dissolved in water
What is a Bronsted-Lowry acid?
proton DONORS
What is a Bronsted-Lowry base?
proton ACCEPTORS
What are mono-protic acids?
yields only 1 H+ per acid molecule
What are diprotic acids?
yields 2 H+ per acid molecule
What are the 7 strong acids?
HCl | HBr | HI | HNO3 | H2SO4 | HClO3 | HClO4
What are the 3 strong bases and which group can strong bases come from?
Ca(OH)2 | Ba(OH)2 | Sr(OH)2 | Group 1A hydroxides
What is a neutralization reaction?
reactions between an acid and a metal hydroxide produce a salt (ionic compound)
What are RedOx reactions?
electrons transferred from one reactant to another
What is oxidation? OIL
Loss of electrons
What is reduction? RIG
Gain of electrons
What are oxidation numbers?
oxidation states
What oxidation numbers do atoms in their elemental form have (ie: H2)?
always 0 (neutral state)
What oxidation numbers do monoatomic ions have (ie: Na+)?
its ionic charge (Na+ = +1)
What oxidation number do nonmetals have?
usually negative, based on their valence electrons
What oxidation number does oxygen have?
usually -2 | in peroxides = -1
What oxidation number does hydrogen have?
usuallt +1 | bonded to metals = -1
What oxidation number does fluorine have?
always -1
What oxidation number do all other halogens have?
usually -1 | in oxyanions can be (+)
What does the sum of oxidation numbers in a neutral compound must be?
0
What does the sum of oxidation numbers in a polyatomic ion must be?
the charge of the ion
What are displacement reactions?
ions oxidize an element, the ion in solution is being replaced (one is oxidized, other is reduced)
What is a displacement reaction also called?
single displacement reaction
What is teh activity series?
list of metals arranged from most easily oxidized to least
What are active metals? Which groups are most reactive?
metals that react readily to form compounds | Group 1A and 2A metals
What are noble metals? Which groups are noble metals?
very stable metals used to make jewelry and coins | Group 8B and 1B
What is concentration?
amoubnt of solute dissolved in a given quantity of solvent or solution
What is the equation for Molarity (M)?
moles of solute / L solution
What are dilutions?
process where the concentrations of gaseous solutions are lowered by adding water into the solution
What can the molarity of the diluted solution be determined by?
McVc = MdVd
What is titration?
analytical technique in which one can calculate the concentration of a solute in a solution
What is a standard solution?
solution of a known concentration
What is a standard solution used for?
to determine the unknown concentration of another solution
What is the equivalence point?
point at which stoichiometrically equivalent quantities are achieved and the reaction is complete
