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Biology 1510 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A 
prok = no nucleus + cell wall + flagellum 
euk = nuc, no cell wall (memb instead),
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2
Q

what are the components of bac cell

A

cytoplasm, ribosomes, nucleoid, cell wall, flagellum, capsule, plasma membrane, bacterial DNA, pili, and flagellum

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3
Q

what is the cytoplasm

A

semifluid matrix that contains macromolecules, water, and ribosomes; it suspends the organelles and allows for a diffusion of molecules
its function is to make proteins

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4
Q

what are ribosome

A

non membrane bound organelles that are involved in protein synthesis

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5
Q

what is the nucleoid

A

where bacterial dna is located; unique to prokaryotes

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6
Q

what is the cell wall and what types are there

A

the cell wall protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive loss or uptake of water; bac would not survive without the cell wall; there is a cell wall completely made out of peptidoglycan which produces a gram + result because its impossible to break through and a cell wall made out of a thin layer of peptidoglycan and mainly lipolpolysaccharides

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7
Q

what is the flagellum

A

helps the bacterium move around (only eukaryotic cell with this feature is sperm cells) - bac can have more than one whereas sperm can only have one

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8
Q

what is the capsule

A

provides an extra layer of protection; allows the bac to survive longer in various conditions

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9
Q

what is the plasma membrane

A

a lipid bilayer that encloses the cytoplasm

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10
Q

what are pili

A

hair like features that allow bacterium to attach to different surfaces

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11
Q

what are the features of animal cells

A

nuclear envelope, nucleus, smooth er, rough er, cytoplasm, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, peroxisome, lysosome, centrioles, ribosomes, and the rough er

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12
Q

explain what the nucleus is, its compartments and the functions of each

A

the nucleus is membrane bound organelle (nuclear envelope) where a majority of DNA and RNA are found. The nuclear envelope is a double membrane that contains pores for a two way exchange of materials between the nucleus and cytosol; inside the membrane there is the nuclear lamina which is composed of intermediate filaments that provide support to the nucleus (component of the cytoskeleton); the nucleolus is the region of the nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized; from here large and small subunits will leave via nuclear pores to form ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

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13
Q

what are ribosomes

A

the cells protein synthesis machinery; needed for translation to happen; each subunit is composed of rRNAS and proteins; they are engulfed in the making of proteins

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14
Q

what is the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

is a part of the ER that is studded with ribosomes to permit the the translation of proteins destined for secretion; it not only makes proteins but also modifies chaperones to help fold proteins; some proteins here combine with short sugar chains to form a glycoprotein

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15
Q

correlation between rough er and white blood cells

A

the white blood cells are rich in the rough er because they are what synthesizes the production of antibodies (protein to protect from bac)

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16
Q

what is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

used for lipid synthesis, stores Ca2+ in the cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle cells which allows our muscle cells to contract, and detoxifies our body of drugs and poisons in the liver cells

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17
Q

what is the golgi apparatus

A

consists of stacked membrane bound sacs in which cellular products can be modified, packaged, and directed to specific cellular locations

18
Q

what are the two faces of the golgi apparatus and what is each faces functions

A

the cis and trans face; the cis face receives proteins and glycoproteins from rough er and lipids from the smooth er in the trans face they get packaged and shipped where some of them get delivered to the cell membrane meanwhile others get taken to other structures

19
Q

the lysosomes

A

contain hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes that can break down substances ingested by endocytosis and cellular waste products; when these enzymes are released they trigger autolysis - destruction of cells or tissues by their own enzymes-

20
Q

the mitochondria

A

contain an outer and inner membrane; atp production

21
Q

peroxisome

A

contains hydrogen peroxide and can break down very long chain fatty acids via (Beta oxidation) - also participate in phospholipid synthesis; since hydrogen peroxide can be toxic it also breaks it down into H2O and O

22
Q

centrioles

A

found in centrosomes and are involved in microtubule organization

23
Q

cytoskeleton

A

provides stability and rigidity to the overall structure of the cell while also providing transport pathways for molecules within the cell; consists of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and actin filaments

24
Q

microtubules

A

microtubules are made of proteins called tubulins (alpha and beta) and create pathways for motor proteins like kinesin and dynein to carry vesicles and contribute to the structure of the cilia, flagella, and centrioles; support and shape the cell, involved in the movement of organelles and vesicles within cells, and guide the movement of chromosomes during cell division.

25
Q

Actin filaments (microfilaments)

A

are made of globular shaped proteins called actin; they provide structural protection for the cell and can causes muscle contractions through interactions with myosin; they also help to form the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis in mitosis

26
Q

intermediate filaments

A

are involved in cell-cell adhesion and maintenance of the integrity of the cytoskeleton; the support the nuclear envelope-they are made of fibrous proteins and dont break down easily- examples include keratin and desmin

27
Q

motor proteins

A

dynein/kinesin - require atp to walk along microtubules and are helped by the dynactin complex which is a multisubunit protein thaqt is required for most if not all

28
Q

flagellum/cilia

A

numerous hairlike structures that help move mucus out from the body where the flagella allows for movement ; arranged in 9+2 arrangement howeveer the centriole and basal body have 9+0 arrangement

29
Q

what is the extracellular matrix

A

organizes cells in tissues, outside of cells, supports plasma membrane, communicates with cytoskeleton and is composed of fibrous proteins, glycoproteins, proteoglycans

30
Q

what are the three junctions between the cells

A

tight junction, anchoring junctions, and gap junctions

31
Q

tight junctions

A

connects plasma membranes of adjacent cells in a sheet (prevents movement of material between them), nothing can pass
In digestive tract and epithelial cells

32
Q

anchoring junctions

A

connects cytoskeleton of one cell with cytoskeleton of another cell with the help of proteins like cadherin
In skin and muscle cells

33
Q

gap junctions

A

involves formation of gap (by connexon proteins) between plasma membrane of 2 adjacent cells
In nerves, cardiac muscles, smooth muscles
Most common

34
Q

what are special organelles in plant cells

A

chloroplasts, cell walls, and the central vacuole

35
Q

what is the central vacuole

A

membrane vesicle that stores H2O and waste products where plants can store water for later use

36
Q

what kind of membrane encloses the a central vacuole

A

the tonoplast membranes; allows molecules to move in and out of the cell

37
Q

do only plants have vacuoles

A

no, some protists have contractile vacs that regulate h20 balance and food vacuoles that control vacuoles but only plants have central vacuoles

38
Q

what is the plasmodesmata

A

cytoplasmic connections btw two neighboring plant cells ; they function similar to gap junctions in animal cells

39
Q

how many cell walls do plants have

A

primary and secondary cell walls that are made of cellulose

40
Q

what is the middle lamina

A

holds plants together

41
Q

what is the endosymbiotic theory

A

Explains origins of mitochondria and chloroplast; they were believed to be bacteria
Origin order:
Ancestral eukaryote (internal membrane system)
Eukaryotic cell with mitochondria engulfed
Eukaryotic cell with mitochondria and chloroplast engulfed

42
Q

what is the evidence of the endosymbiotic theory

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are surrounded by 2 membranes
DNA in mitochondria and chloroplast is similar to bacterial DNA in size/shape
Ribosomes in mitochondria and chloroplast is similar to bacterial ribosomes
Mitochondria and chloroplast replicate by binary fission NOT mitosis

Biology 1510 (13 decks)

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