Chapter 4 Flashcards
what is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
prok = no nucleus + cell wall + flagellum euk = nuc, no cell wall (memb instead),
what are the components of bac cell
cytoplasm, ribosomes, nucleoid, cell wall, flagellum, capsule, plasma membrane, bacterial DNA, pili, and flagellum
what is the cytoplasm
semifluid matrix that contains macromolecules, water, and ribosomes; it suspends the organelles and allows for a diffusion of molecules
its function is to make proteins
what are ribosome
non membrane bound organelles that are involved in protein synthesis
what is the nucleoid
where bacterial dna is located; unique to prokaryotes
what is the cell wall and what types are there
the cell wall protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive loss or uptake of water; bac would not survive without the cell wall; there is a cell wall completely made out of peptidoglycan which produces a gram + result because its impossible to break through and a cell wall made out of a thin layer of peptidoglycan and mainly lipolpolysaccharides
what is the flagellum
helps the bacterium move around (only eukaryotic cell with this feature is sperm cells) - bac can have more than one whereas sperm can only have one
what is the capsule
provides an extra layer of protection; allows the bac to survive longer in various conditions
what is the plasma membrane
a lipid bilayer that encloses the cytoplasm
what are pili
hair like features that allow bacterium to attach to different surfaces
what are the features of animal cells
nuclear envelope, nucleus, smooth er, rough er, cytoplasm, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, peroxisome, lysosome, centrioles, ribosomes, and the rough er
explain what the nucleus is, its compartments and the functions of each
the nucleus is membrane bound organelle (nuclear envelope) where a majority of DNA and RNA are found. The nuclear envelope is a double membrane that contains pores for a two way exchange of materials between the nucleus and cytosol; inside the membrane there is the nuclear lamina which is composed of intermediate filaments that provide support to the nucleus (component of the cytoskeleton); the nucleolus is the region of the nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized; from here large and small subunits will leave via nuclear pores to form ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
what are ribosomes
the cells protein synthesis machinery; needed for translation to happen; each subunit is composed of rRNAS and proteins; they are engulfed in the making of proteins
what is the rough endoplasmic reticulum
is a part of the ER that is studded with ribosomes to permit the the translation of proteins destined for secretion; it not only makes proteins but also modifies chaperones to help fold proteins; some proteins here combine with short sugar chains to form a glycoprotein
correlation between rough er and white blood cells
the white blood cells are rich in the rough er because they are what synthesizes the production of antibodies (protein to protect from bac)
what is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
used for lipid synthesis, stores Ca2+ in the cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle cells which allows our muscle cells to contract, and detoxifies our body of drugs and poisons in the liver cells
what is the golgi apparatus
consists of stacked membrane bound sacs in which cellular products can be modified, packaged, and directed to specific cellular locations
what are the two faces of the golgi apparatus and what is each faces functions
the cis and trans face; the cis face receives proteins and glycoproteins from rough er and lipids from the smooth er in the trans face they get packaged and shipped where some of them get delivered to the cell membrane meanwhile others get taken to other structures
the lysosomes
contain hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes that can break down substances ingested by endocytosis and cellular waste products; when these enzymes are released they trigger autolysis - destruction of cells or tissues by their own enzymes-
the mitochondria
contain an outer and inner membrane; atp production
peroxisome
contains hydrogen peroxide and can break down very long chain fatty acids via (Beta oxidation) - also participate in phospholipid synthesis; since hydrogen peroxide can be toxic it also breaks it down into H2O and O
centrioles
found in centrosomes and are involved in microtubule organization
cytoskeleton
provides stability and rigidity to the overall structure of the cell while also providing transport pathways for molecules within the cell; consists of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and actin filaments
microtubules
microtubules are made of proteins called tubulins (alpha and beta) and create pathways for motor proteins like kinesin and dynein to carry vesicles and contribute to the structure of the cilia, flagella, and centrioles; support and shape the cell, involved in the movement of organelles and vesicles within cells, and guide the movement of chromosomes during cell division.
